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Passive Sampling Strategies for Environmental Monitoring in Air and Aquatic Environment
Published in Leo M. L. Nollet, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou, Chromatographic Analysis of the Environment, 2017
Anna-Akrivi Thomatou, Ioannis Konstantinou
Huckins et al. (1990a) developed semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) to use them in accumulation of lipophilic substances. SPMDs are designed to sample chemicals dissolved in surface water, mimicking the bioconcentration of organic contaminants into the fatty tissues of organisms. The SPMD is an integrative sampler which accumulates organic pollutants over a deployment period ranging from days to months. SPMD (Figures 9.4 and 9.5) is a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) membrane, which formed a tube film and it is filled with a high-molecular weight lipid, such as triolein (Huckins et al., 1990a, 1993; Bennett et al., 1996). Triolein was selected for use in SPMDs because it can be found in most organisms, results in low LDPE membrane permeability, and supplies a suitable reservoir for performance reference compounds (PRCs). LDPE was chosen because of its constancy in organic solvents, the low permeation rates of triolein, and its resistance to wearing and drilling (Huckins et al., 1990b; Meadows et al., 1993; Bergqvist et al., 1998).
Phase and State Transitions and Transformations in Food Systems
Published in Dennis R. Heldman, Daryl B. Lund, Cristina M. Sabliov, Handbook of Food Engineering, 2018
Hagemann (1988) reviewed the thermal behavior and polymorphism of acylglycerides. In DSC analysis of solidified triglycerides, a reheating thermogram shows an endotherm for the α-form followed immediately by an exotherm resulting from the transformation of α to β-form. Annealing at the α-endotherm leads to formation of β′-form. The required annealing time depends on the chain length of the fatty acids, and it increases with increasing chain length. Further heating leads to the appearance of the melting endotherm of the β crystals. One of the most studied unsaturated monoacid triglycerides is triolein. Trierucin, triolein, and trilinolein each exhibit three different β′-forms.
Evaluating Sustainability of Process, Supply Chain, and Enterprise: A Bio-Based Industry Case Study
Published in I. M. Mujtaba, R. Srinivasan, N. O. Elbashir, The Water–Food–Energy Nexus, 2017
Iskandar Halim, Arief Adhitya, R. Srinivasan
Transesterification: Initially, a stream of fresh methanol and sulfuric acid is mixed with the recycled stream for reaction with triolein, which is a major triglyceride component in the palm oil. The reaction, which is carried out at 80°C and 400 kPa pressure, converts 95% (by weight) of oil into biodiesel (methyl oleate) and glycerol by-products according to the following reaction: Triolein+3 methanol→3 methyl oleate+glycerol.
Plant design of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in Malaysia
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Angnes Ngieng Tze Tiong, Zuhair Khan, Valerie Chin, Osama Abdul Wahid, Regina Mbeu Wachira, Shannon Michaela Kung, Ashvin Viknesh Mahenthiran
The Aspen HYSYS software v10 was used to simulate the biodiesel production process using WCO as the feedstock. The fluid package of Non-random Two Liquid (NRTL) was adopted as it could accurately model the behavior of the working fluids involved in this study [24, 25, 27, 30, 46]. For this study, the fatty acid in the WCO was oleic acid (C18H34O2) and thus triolein (C57H104O6) was utilized to represent a triglyceride in the WCO. The WCO was simulated as a mixture of 94 wt% triolein and 6 wt% oleic acid. Methyl oleate (C19H36O2) was taken as the biodiesel product. The properties of the working fluids were taken from the Aspen HYSYS databases. The stream information and the operating condition for the unit operation were obtained from Zhang et al. [24] and Lee et al. [27].
Recovery utilization of triolein for producing short chain alkane by combining biocatalysis and inorganic catalysis
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Jie Zhang, Ling Gao, Yao Lu, Lixiu Yan, Xuemei Tan, Zhehan Yang, Huijun Zhang
Hence, the present study aimed to produce short-chain alkane that can be used as the main component of gasoline, which is of great significance to alleviating the energy crisis. A continuous process for producing short-chain alkane from triolein was constructed and is shown in Figure 1. The process consists of three steps including the hydrolysis of triolein into fatty acid by lipase, the oxidation of fatty acid for producing short-chain fatty acid, and the light-driven decarboxylation of short-chain fatty to produce short-chain alkane. The feasibility of this proposed process with a considerable advantage in the convenience of products separation was evaluated systematically. In addition, the influences of various parameters and the suitability of substrates on hydrolysis, oxidation, and decarboxylation were investigated in detail to obtain more value.
In vivo spectroscopy: optical fiber probes for clinical applications
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Ajaya Kumar Barik, Sanoop Pavithran M, Jijo Lukose, Rekha Upadhya, Muralidhar V Pai, V.B. Kartha, Santhosh Chidangil
Fiber probe-based Raman system to measure in vivo real-time spectra in lungs was reported by Short et al. [76]. (Figure 3e). Low OH fibers were used to construct the probe. The central incidence fiber (200 µm) was surrounded by a total of 27 collection fibers (100 µm each). The light delivery fiber was covered with the gold-plated jacket to remove the photon cross-talk with the collection fibers. The size of the catheter was 1.8 mm in diameter and 75 centimeters in length. The collected radiation passes through two long pass filter modules and is transmitted to the spectrometer through a fiber bundle containing 54 100-micron fibers packed in a circular geometry in the filter module. The fibers were then directed to the spectrometer in a parabolic arc shape to reduce the aberration as reported [67]. Here two filters were used, as one of the long pass filter had blue transmission for auto-fluorescence imaging and the second for the Raman study. The spectra in the low-frequency region were dominated by the fluorescence emission of hemoglobin in the tissue excited at 785 nm laser. Even then, the signatures corresponding to triolein (triglyceride) were present in the spectra [77]. The fluorescence contribution was less in the high-frequency range (1500 to 3400 cm−1), and the Raman technique was found suitable for the in vivo characterization of abnormal lung tissues with an integration time of 1–2 seconds.