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Lubricants for the Disk Drive Industry
Published in Leslie R. Rudnick, Lubricant Additives, 2017
Formulation starts with a base oil that has a sufficiently low vapor pressure and viscosity. A variety of base oils were investigated with the goal of providing guidelines for selection of the oil with the lowest possible viscosity and vapor pressure. The oils studied were diesters (Table 28.17), triesters (Table 28.18), and nonpolar hydrocarbons (Table 28.19). The first five model oils are diesters made from alkanedioic acids and alcohols with a range of diacid chain lengths and several alcohol molecular weights and branched isomers. Di(n-butyl)sebacate (DBS), di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DOA), and DOS were obtained from Aldrich Chemical Company (Saint Louis, MO). Di(2-ethylhexyl)azelate (DOZ) is Emery 2958 and di(4,4-diethylhexyl)adipate (DIA) is Emery 2970. The Emery oil samples were provided by Henkel Corporation (Emery Group, Cincinnati, OH). The next four model oils are triesters made from triols and alkanoic acids with a range of acid chain length. The triglycerides—glycerol tributanoate (TRIB), glycerol trihexanoate (TRIH), and glycerol trioctanoate (TRIO) (also referred to as tributyrin, tricaproin, and tricaprylin, respectively)—were obtained from Aldrich Chemical Company. About 8% of low-molecular-weight impurities were evaporated from Tricaproin by vacuum baking at 6.3 kPa for 96 h. The level of impurities in the other model ester oils was less than 0.2% during vacuum baking in the same conditions and did not show up in the NMR spectra. The trimethylolpropane C7 ester, trimethylolpropane TMP triheptanoate, is Emkarate 1510 from ICI Americas, Inc. (Wilmington, DE). The branched alkane, a low-molecular-weight PAO, was NYE 167A from Nye Lubricants. Some of the oils are isomers, having the same molecular weight and composition but differing only in molecular structure.
Lubricants for the Disk Drive Industry
Published in Leslie R. Rudnick, Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants, 2020
Formulation starts with a base oil that has a sufficiently low vapor pressure and viscosity. A variety of base oils were investigated with the goal of providing guidelines for selection of the oil with the lowest possible viscosity and vapor pressure. The oils studied were diesters (Table 50.16, T. E. Karis 2006), triesters (Table 50.17, T. E. Karis 2006), and nonpolar hydrocarbons (Table 50.18, T. E. Karis 2006). The first five model oils are diesters made from alkanedioic acids and alcohols with a range of diacid chain lengths, and several alcohol molecular weights and branched isomers. The di(n-butyl)sebacate (DBS), di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DOA), and di(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate (DOS) were obtained from Aldrich Chemical Company (Saint Louis, MO, USA). The di(2-ethylhexyl)azelate (DOZ) is Emery 2958 and the di(4,4-diethylhexyl)adipate (DIA) is Emery 2970. The Emery oil samples were provided by Henkel Corporation (Emery Group, Cincinnati, OH, USA). The next four model oils are triesters made from triols and alkanoic acids with a range of acid chain length. The triglycerides, glycerol tributanoate (TRIB), glycerol trihexanoate (TRIH), and glycerol trioctanoate (TRIO) (also referred to as tributyrin, tricaproin, and tricaprylin, respectively), were obtained from Aldrich Chemical Company. About 8% of low molecular weight impurities were evaporated from tricaproin by vacuum baking at 6.3 kPa for 96 hours. The level of impurities in the other model ester oils was less than 0.2% during vacuum baking at the same conditions and did not show up in the NMR spectra. The trimethylol propane C7 ester, trimethylolpropane triheptanoate (TMP) is Emkarate 1510 from ICI Americas, Inc. (Wilmington, DE, USA). The branched alkane, a low molecular weight polyalphaolefin, was NYE 167A from Nye Lubricants. Some of the oils are isomers, having the same molecular weight and composition, but differing only in molecular structure. More details of the oil properties are given in Karis and Nagaraj (2000).
A circular economy use of waste wood sawdust for wood plastic composite production: effect of bio-plasticiser on the toughness
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2020
Nawadon Petchwattana, Phisut Naknaen, Borwon Narupai
The polymer matrix used in the current research is an extrusion grade PLA (NatureWorks® PLA2003D). It has a molecular weight of 246,500 g·mol−1 (Paydayesh, Azar, and Arani 2015) with 4% d-lactide and 96% l-lactide (Gonçalves et al. 2018). It has a density, melting point (Tm) and melt flow index (MFI) of 1.24 g·cm−3, 150.9°C and 6 g·10min−1 respectively. WS was received as waste from Mow Heng Li Sawmill in Ayutthaya province, Thailand. It was the mixture of the waste from Burma padauk (Pterocarpus macrocarpus), Teak wood (Tectona grandis), Iron wood (Xylia xylocarpa) and Siamese Sal (Shorea obtusa). WS was further prepared by grinding and sieving to the top cut size of 595µm (30 mesh). Tributyrin (C15H26O6) is a triglyceride which naturally found in butter. It is composed of butyric acid and glycerol. It was supplied by U&V Holding Co. Ltd. and was added as a plasticiser in this research. It has a molecular weight of 302 g·mol−1 and a boiling point at 310°C. The chemical structure of tributyrin is clearly presented in Figure 1.
Formulation and stability evaluation of water-in-fat and water-in-oil emulsions loaded with short-chain fatty acid
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2020
Yohei Yamanaka, Isao Kobayashi, Marcos A. Neves, Kunihiko Uemura, Mitsutoshi Nakajima
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are important energy sources for the human body (Cummings, Rombeau, and Sakata 1995). The shortage of SCFAs in the lumen of the large bowel could cause constipation or diarrhea. SCFAs prevent colon carcinogenesis (Hamer et al. 2008) and help maintain the colonic lumen environment (Greer and O’Keefe 2011). SCFAs produced in the proximal colon are utilized as energy sources in the large bowel (Cummings, Rombeau, and Sakata 1995). It has been reported that 300–400 mmol/day of SCFAs is produced by intestinal bacteria (Pituch, Walkowiak, and Banaszkiewicz 2013). Direct delivery of SCFAs to the large bowel could improve the enteral environment. Li et al. (2009) formulated oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions loaded with tributyrin as the carrier of butyric acid. However, the O/W emulsions loaded with tributyrin were designed as food-based anticancer carriers. Meroni and Raikos (2018a, 2018b) recently reported the formulation of beverage O/W emulsions that contained a mixture of orange oil and tributyrin. These authors did not use tributyrin as a bioactive compound but as a carrier oil. Tributyrin is hydrophobic and its major characteristics differ from those of hydrophilic SCFAs.