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History of terrorism
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
Arson, bombings, and other violent acts have been directed at abortion clinics for years. The first fatal attack occurred in 1993. A federal task force of officials with the ATF, FBI, U.S. marshals, and lawyers from the Justice Department's criminal and civil divisions was created in 1993, and stepped up its efforts after Paul D. Hill shot to death two people at a Pensacola, FL, clinic. From January to May 1997, additional acts of violence, including the use of incendiary devices and bombs, occurred against abortion clinics in Tulsa, Oklahoma; Falls Church, Virginia; North Hollywood, California; Bozeman, Montana; Yakima, Washington; and Portland, Oregon. During May 1998, attacks involving butyric acid occurred at eight abortion clinics in Florida. This was the first report of the use of butyric acid against abortion clinics in over 4 years. From 1992 through May 1998, there had been 99 reports of “noxious” chemical attacks on abortion clinics. Butyric acid is a colorless organic acid with a penetrating, obnoxious odor. It is a strong irritant to skin and tissue and can cause severe burns. The most significant problem with butyric acid is removing the odor. With little exception, anything the acid comes into contact with will have to be replaced. As a result, the attacks have caused over $800,000 in damage since 1992.
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Anti-Tumor Drug Delivery
Published in Mansoor M. Amiji, Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
Ho Lun Wong, Yongqiang Li, Reina Bendayan, Mike Andrew Rauth, Xiao Yu Wu
Both ATRA and butyric acid remained at the experimental stage in terms of cancer therapy. ATRA is well documented for its chemical instability.103 It is sensitive to heat, light, and oxidation, and it may isomerize into isotretinoin or be oxidized to form inactive products such as all-trans-4-oxo. This compound should be well incorporated into SLN for its high lipophilicity; although, in the only SLN system documented, the drug payload attempted was merely 2.5 mg ATRA per g of SLN powder.77 The chemical stability of ATRA in SLN during storage was evaluated. More than 90% of the encapsulated drug remained intact after one month of storage at 4°C versus less than 60% when the drug was stored in the forms of methanol sol ution or Tween 80 solution under the same conditions. Butyric acid is a short chain fatty acid that shows in vitro inhibitory effect against colon cancer cell growth. However, its in vivo activity is very low because of its rapid metabolism.99 It was believed that by using its prodrug cholesteryl butyrate and by delivering this prodrug using SLN, the anti-tumor activity could be preserved. The prodrug was successfully loaded in SLN, and the prodrug demonstrated good in vitro activity.62,104,105 Although the in vivo activity has not yet been confirmed, the studies provided another example of the value of SLN to protect a labile chemical.
Electro-Fermentation Technology: Synthesis of Chemicals and Biofuels
Published in Kuppam Chandrasekhar, Satya Eswari Jujjavarapu, Bio-Electrochemical Systems, 2022
Devashish Tribhuvan, V. Vinay, Saurav Gite, Shadab Ahmed
Butyric acid has diverse applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. Butyric acid is one of the major products of EF. Several microbes have been examined for their ability to produce butyric acid, such as Butyrivibrio, Butyribacterium, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Eubacterium, Megasphera, and Sarcina.
Biosynthesis of butyric acid by Clostridium tyrobutyricum
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Jin Huang, Wan Tang, Shengquan Zhu, Meini Du
Butyric acid (C3H7COOH), a volatile four-carbon fatty acid with a pKa of 4.82.[1] Pure butyric acid is a colorless or light-yellow transparent oleosus liquid with a foul-smelling milk-like odor. Butyric acid is produced by anaerobic digestion and is found naturally in animal fat and some plant oils.[1,2] Butyrate’s areas of application include the food industry, where its pure acid form is used to enhance the butter-like flavor in foods. Esters of butyric acid are used to enhance the fruit fragrance or as aromatic compounds in perfumes.[3,4] In the chemical industry, butyric acid is used in the production of textile fibers, biodegradable polymers such as β-hydroxybutyrate, calcium butyrate, and other materials. In the pharmaceutical industry, butyric acid is used to treat colorectal cancer, hemoglobinopathies, and gastrointestinal diseases.[5678] Butyric acid is also used as building block for biofuel production,[9] with a global market of 80,000 tons per year.[2] Currently, butyrate is primarily derived petrochemical through oxysynthesis or chemical synthesis. However, the demand for the bioproduction of butyrate through microbial fermentation is high because of the strong consumer and manufacturer preference for biobased, natural ingredients in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.[1] The increasing severity of environmental problems along with the expense and resource constraints associated with petroleum use has also contributed to demand for biobased butyrate.[10,11] Thus, the combination of renewable resources (e.g., biomass) and metabolic engineering techniques to optimize butyrate production routes has attracted considerable attention from scholars,[11] and the biobased production of butyrate has become an attractive alternative to petroleum-based chemical synthesis.