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Microfluidic Platforms for Wound Healing Analysis
Published in Raju Khan, Chetna Dhand, S. K. Sanghi, Shabi Thankaraj Salammal, A. B. P. Mishra, Advanced Microfluidics-Based Point-of-Care Diagnostics, 2022
Lynda Velutheril Thomas, Priyadarsini Sreenivasan
Since wound presentation during different stages of the healing process is different, real-time or continuous monitoring is necessary to determine the healing process. There are several markers which are thought of as possible diagnostic targets for assessing wounds. As per Dargaville et al. (2013) some of the potential markers which can be assessed for wound healing include bacterial load/specific microbial species/biofilms, cytokine release in response to specific microbial antigens, DNA – e.g., gene polymorphisms to indicate susceptibility to disease, poor healing, or infection; enzymes, e.g., matrix metalloproteinases and extracellular matrix; growth factors, e.g., platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF); immunohistochemical markers – e.g., integrins, chemokine receptors, and transforming growth factor beta II receptors to monitor healing status; inflammatory mediators – e.g., cytokines, nitric oxide; nutritional factors – e.g., zinc, glutamine, vitamins, pH of wound fluid, reactive oxygen species, transepidermal water loss from periwound skin, etc. Some of the parameters, along with the mode of measurements using microfluidics, are discussed below.
Introduction to Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
María Verónica Cuevas González, Eduardo Villarreal-Ramírez, Adriana Pérez-Soria, Pedro Alberto López Reynoso, Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) are a group of proteins involved in multiple development processes which include skeletal formation, embryogenesis, hematopoiesis and neurogenesis. These proteins belong to the Transforming Growth Factor Beta superfamily, and over 20 members have been characterized. Four groups are formed to classify these proteins based on its amino acid sequence similarity: BMP2/4, BMP5/6/7/8a/8b, BMP9/10, and BMP12/13/14. These proteins are synthetized as a large precursor from 400–500 aa, which has three main domains, N-terminal secretion signal, a prodomain and a C-terminal region that constitutes the mature protein. Most of BMPs have seven cysteine residues in the C-terminal region, which are involved in its self-assembly and is known as a cysteine knot. BMPs functioning depends on the structural arrangement as homo- or heterodimers, which in turn are associated with specific membrane serine/threonine receptors denoted as type I and type II to trigger two main signal pathways: Smad (mothers against decapentaplegic) dependent pathway and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway. This BMPs-MAPK signal pathway has shown its potential as an inductor of mesenchymal stem cells differentiation into osteoblasts, this extracellular signal is transduced inside the nucleus via the activation of ERK1/2, p38, INK 1/2/3 cascades which activate specific transcriptional factors (RUNX2, DLX5, and Osterix) related with the osteoblastic commitment and initiate the production of bone matrix proteins, leading to bone morphogenesis (Ripamonti 2019; Anusuya et al. 2016).
Programming cells to build tissues with synthetic biology
Published in David M. Gardiner, Regenerative Engineering and Developmental Biology, 2017
The first goal of the engineered cell blastema is to get past one of the first roadblocks to regeneration, fibrosis. This first step is aimed at generating an environment that is more conducive for the subsequent regeneration, allowing to tap onto endogenous regenerative growth programs that could be blocked by the early stages of fibrosis (Murawala et al. 2012). To this end, engineered cells secrete factors to minimize fibrosis (e.g., matrix metalloproteinase [MMP] and other enzymes to degrade the ECM and signaling molecules to influence local fibroblasts behavior). Specifically, in an attempt to try to make the adult wound healing more similar to the fetal one, cells would express factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGF-β3), and interleukine 10 (IL-10) and inhibitors of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), TGF-β1 and 2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), IL-6, and IL-8 (Ud-Din et al. 2014).
Updates in immunocompatibility of biomaterials: applications for regenerative medicine
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Mahdi Rezaei, Farideh Davani, Mohsen Alishahi, Fatemeh Masjedi
Loading and then releasing the growth factors such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a potent way to regulate the immune response in biomaterials. Growth factors are responsible for initiating and resolving the inflammation process; thus, applying different growth factors can regulate the immune response [71]. Incorporating anti-inflammatory agents such as drugs and oils and releasing them by the implanted device is one of the main ways of immunomodulation [72]. Biomaterials such as nanofibers, hydrogels, and nanoparticles can control the release of drugs and loaded agents throughout the implantation [73].