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Recombinant Antigens as Components of a Diphtheria-Tetanys-PerSüssis Vaccine
Published in Yoshikatsu Murooka, Tadayuki Imanaka, Recombinant Microbes for Industrial and Agricultural Applications, 2020
Andrew J. Makoff, Ian G. Charles, Neil F. Fairweather
The current vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus are based on inactivated, purified forms of the respective toxins (toxoids). Such toxoids induce high-titer circulating antibodies that neutralize the active toxin and prevent the symptoms of disease. In neither case is it necessary to immunize against the bacterium, as the lethal effects of the toxin are effectively neutralized by antitoxin vaccines. The vaccines are currently made by growing a toxigenic culture of CL tetani or Coryn. diphtheriae, partially purifying the toxin, and adding formaldehyde, which converts the toxin to the inactive toxoid. These vaccines are extremely effective when given as a course, usually of three injections in early childhood, followed by booster doses in later life. In contrast with these toxoid vaccines, the pertussis vaccine used in most countries is composed of cells of killed, inactivated B. pertussis. This vaccine is also very efficacious, although there is a small risk of adverse reactions, which has resulted in a reduced rate of vaccination against pertussis.
Vaccines
Published in Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke, Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2017
Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke
Aerobes may also cause disease by the production of exotoxins, e.g. Corynebacterium. It is possible to collect the toxins so produced in cell-free extracts from in vitro cultivation. The toxin can then be inactivated by treatment with formaldehyde. Such inactivated toxin known as a toxoid is antigenic and is able to cause the body to produce antibodies to the original toxin. Toxoids are non-toxic and are used to artificially induce active specific immunity.
Industrial Odor Control
Published in Paul N. Cheremisinoff, Air Pollution Control and Design for Industry, 2018
Biological methods of pharmaceutical production make use of reactions that take place within living animals or within their organs, within embryonated chicken and duck eggs, and also in synthetic media. Products may be immunization vaccines against such things as smallpox, measles, polio, and distemper. Other products are toxoids, used to protect man from tetanus and diphtheria, or bacterial vaccines to combat typhoid and cholera.
Drying of Vaccines and Biomolecules
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Bhaskar N. Thorat, Ayantika Sett, A. S. Mujumdar
The formulation consist of the bacteria covered with a polysaccharide capsule. The toxins secreted by the bacteria are required to be neutralized and the two of the bacteria that belongs to such a toxoid group are diphtheria and tetanus. As against the earlier practice of use of chemicals as neutralizing agent, the in vogue practice is the treatment through genetic manipulation. The Yeast transfected with DNA coding and producing antigen marked a new era as far as genetically modified vaccines are concerned. It all began with the findings of HBsAg in the blood of infected people with hepatitis B virus. The first vaccine of such a type was based on the antigen from the infected blood. In a follow up to this development, the disease of lyme was treated by the genetically engineered species of B. burgdorferi and is second such example in current practice to the one discussed above.
An effective, simple and low-cost pretreatment for culture clarification in tetanus toxoid production
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Lucía Avila, Osvaldo Cascone, Mirtha Biscoglio, Matías Fingermann
Tetanus toxin, produced by Clostridium tetani, is the responsible of a severe disease known as tetanus.2 This toxin, one of the most potent known, is an heterodimeric protein composed of one heavy chain (100 kDa) linked by a single disulfide bond to a light chain (50 kDa).3 Tetanus still remains a serious threat to public health, with over 200,000 fatal cases per year around the world.4 Chemically inactivated tetanus toxin (tetanus toxoid, TT), produced during the culture of a virulent C. tetani strain, is an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of anti-tetanus vaccines.5,6 Tetanus toxin expression during bacterial growth is the consequence of the activation of the lytic cycle of a lysogenized-phage. Biomass removal from the fermented broth is most commonly performed by filtration.7–11 Lowering clarification costs could thus help making a more affordable production of this important API. In this direction, flocculants, a class of materials that favor solid-liquid separation, increase the efficacy of filtration trains without adversely impacting on the recovery of biopharmaceuticals.12–14 Chitosan stands out from other flocculants due to its characteristic low-cost, high accessibility, non-toxicity, and biodegradability.15 Its safety is exemplified by its increasing use as an adjuvant during the development of new vaccine formulations.16,17 In this work, chitosan is assessed for the first time as part of a primary clarification operation, with an aim on reducing membrane filtration needs and therefore the costs for secondary clarification operations, during TT production.
Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) modify in vitro mitogen- and antigen-induced human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) responses
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Jane Kasten-Jolly, David A. Lawrence
An in vitro study measuring inhibition of IL-2 secretion by PFOA and PFOS in a human T cell line (Jurkat cells) noted that the PPARα agonist, GW5471, exerted no marked effect on IL-2 secretion by these cells exposed to 0.05–100 µg/ml PFOA or PFOS and stimulated with phytohemagglutinin and phorbol myristate acetate (PHA/PMA) (Midgett et al. 2015). Further, numerous epidemiological studies were conducted on humans to examine the impact of PFOA and PFOS on antibody production in response to vaccination and these have been reviewed (Chang et al. 2016; DeWitt, Blossom, and Schaider 2019; Mumtaz, Buser, and Pohl 2021; United States Department of Health and Human Services-National Toxicology Program [USDHHS-NTP] 2016; Von Holst et al. 2021). The results of a few recent reports are summarized here. A study of children (13 year) reported an approximate 25% reduction in Ab titers to diphtheria vaccine antigens (Ags) with respect to each doubling of PFOA exposure (Grandjean et al. 2017b). Pilkerton et al. (2018) found that PFOA and PFOS serum concentrations exerted no significant effects on Ab titers to rubella Ags for adults, but for children (≥12 year) the Ab titers were negatively associated with serum PFOA concentrations in males, but not females accompanied by no marked association with the rubella Ab titer detected for PFOS. Grandjean et al. (2017a) noted a 19–20% decrease in Ab titer to the tetanus and diphtheria vaccines in children (5 year) for each doubling of PFOA and PFOS exposure in early infancy. A study by Abraham et al. (2020) of healthy children (1 year) showed significant associations between PFOA and Ab titers against the Heamophilus influenza type b (r = 0.32), tetanus (r = 0.25), and diphtheria (r = 0.23) vaccines. Further, PFOA exposure was inversely associated with interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production by ex vivo analysis of lymphocytes stimulated with tetanus or diphtheria toxoid. Pennings et al. (2016) in a study of cord blood gene expression with respect to mothers with elevated serum PFOA and PFOS levels demonstrated affected genes were associated with immunological and developmental functions. Conversely, Stein et al. (2016) found no significant association between serum PFOA and PFOS concentrations in healthy adults for Ab titers, cytokine, chemokine, and mucosal IgA concentrations after immunization with the FluMist vaccine. Consistent findings across these studies indicate that PFOA and PFOS exposures impact Ab responses to vaccination during childhood, while the immune system is still developing.