China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Nanotechnology in Cosmetics: Safety Evaluation and Assessment
Published in Bhaskar Mazumder, Subhabrata Ray, Paulami Pal, Yashwant Pathak, Nanotechnology, 2019
Sanjoy Kumar Das, Rajan Rajabalaya, Sheba Rani N. David
Toxicokinetics act to establish a correlation between the kinetic behaviors of a toxic agent and the occurrence of toxic events by means of pharmacokinetic tools. Both the pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic profiles of nanoparticles are dependent upon the route of exposure, as well as the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles. Biokinetic profiles depend on physicochemical properties, dissolution behavior in biological fluids, and nanoparticle–protein interaction. It is not yet clear what the exact form (particles or ions) is in which ZnO nanoparticles are absorbed into systemic circulation. The binding of ZnO nanoparticles with vascular proteins by means of electrostatic interactions helps to regulate its absorption. Therefore, an in vivo study is necessary to evaluate the effects of nanoparticle–protein interaction on biokinetics, absorption, tissue distribution, bioavailability, and potential toxicity (Choi and Choy, 2014). There is no available, fully validated, in vitro test procedure that replaces in vivo toxicokinetic studies for regulatory use (Kojima, 2017).
Basics of toxicology
Published in Chris Winder, Neill Stacey, Occupational Toxicology, 2004
The quantitative study and mathematical description of the disposition of chemicals related to their toxic effects is termed toxicokinetics. Thus the amount absorbed, the relative distribution to different tissues, the rate of removal by biotransformation and/or excretion are all included in a toxicokinetic appraisal of the movement of a chemical through the body. While there will be no attempt to detail the field of toxicokinetics in this text it should be appreciated by the reader that important information is attainable from understanding the kinetics of chemicals in the body. For example, the amount absorbed will be a factor in the toxicity of a chemical – if none is absorbed then there will be no systemic toxicity at a site removed from the portal of entry. The reader should be warned not to oversimplify this, however, as lack of absorption of particles like nickel subsulfide from the lung may in fact be a major factor in the toxicity expressed at that site. That is, no absorption does not simply equate to no toxicity.
Basic Concepts of Exposure and Response
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
The study of the interactions which occur between a toxicant and an individual may be divided into two parts. The mechanisms of injury and the signs and symptoms associated with it are the “dynamics” of the toxicant’s action. However, before such dynamics may occur, a toxicant must first accumulate at a target organ or cell in adequate concentration to exert its effect. The study of the transit of a toxicant into and through the body, of its metabolism and excretion, and of the rates at which these events occur is called “toxicokinetics”.
Approaching a closer surrogate for the biologically effective dose with subcellular partitioning-based toxicokinetic models
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
T. T. Yen Le, Olivier Geffard, Alain Geffard, Willie J. G. M. Peijnenburg
Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics are complementary components of toxicology. Toxicokinetics describe the effects that an organism exerts on a toxicant, while toxicodynamics show the effects that the toxicant exerts on the organism. The former addresses absorption, distribution, metabolism (biotransformation), and excretion of the toxicant, whilst the latter refers to the interactions between the toxicant and its target sites, which trigger toxicity (Escher & Fenner, 2011). Ideally, the toxicokinetic phase in TK-TD models provides estimates of the concentration of the toxicant at sites of toxic action. However, in most of the available models, toxic effects are related to the total internal concentration, excluding the significance of subcellular metal sequestration (Ashauer et al., 2013; Feng et al., 2018; Gao et al., 2015).
Genetic variants affecting chemical mediated skin immunotoxicity
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Isisdoris Rodrigues de Souza, Patrícia Savio de Araujo-Souza, Daniela Morais Leme
Human activities impact the environment and produce undesirable effects on human health. Increased incidence of immune-related disorders, including allergies, autoimmunity, and inflammatory diseases, is currently verified (Lee and Lawrence 2018). Skin diseases, in general, have multifactorial etiology, in which complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors play an important role and modify disease presentation and severity in manifesting clinical phenotypes (Sacco and Milner 2019). In this context, a variety of host-related factors including age, sex/gender, nutritional, hormonal and central nervous system status, and pathological conditions and chemical-related factors such as nature of the chemical, concentration, type of exposure, chemical reactivity, biotransformation and toxicokinetics are of importance to understand the complex etiology of skin diseases, reducing the risks of developing the disease or developing effective treatments (Corsini and Kimber 2007). The onset of ACD, which is a multifactorial skin disease, depends upon the nature of the chemical, concentration, type of exposure, age, gender, and genetic susceptibility (Corsini and Kimber 2007). In addition, quality of life and psychological distress and emotional dysregulation may influence the incidence of skin diseases (Quinto et al. 2019; Tordeurs et al. 2001).
Contemporary concepts in toxicology: a novel multi-instructor general education course to enhance green chemistry and biomedical curricula
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2019
Dalila G. Kovacs, Richard R. Rediske, Sue Marty, Pamela J. Spencer, Dan Wilson, Bryce Landenberger
The course is offered in the General Education Program under the Health Issues theme, to attract Chemistry students and those majoring in Biochemistry, Biomedical Science, Biology, Allied Health, Nursing, Industrial Hygiene, and Environmental Studies. The course benefits science majors as it does not conflict with required or elective courses in any major. We selected collaboration, problem solving, and integration of knowledge for the students learning outcomes included in the General Education Program at GVSU. For collaboration, we assigned mixed work groups, containing different majors, to reflect the multidisciplinary nature of toxicology. The problem solving objective focused on addressing open-ended questions with multiple approaches possible, while knowledge integration required synthesis and application of information, experiences, and multiple perspectives in order to analyze new and complex situations. The syllabus was a collaborative effort between GVSU and DOW-TERC (supplement). Topics included: introduction to green chemistry and toxicology, hazard & risk, toxicokinetics, genetic toxicology, carcinogens, ecotoxicology, developmental and reproductive toxicology, risk and exposure, organophospates, in-vitro and bioprofiling methods, Life Cycle Assessments (LCA), heavy metals, Flint water crisis, and others.