China 
Africa 
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Mixture Extrapolation Approaches
Published in Keith R. Solomon, Theo C.M. Brock, Dick de Zwart, Scott D. Dyer, Leo Posthuma, Sean M. Richards, Hans Sanderson, Paul K. Sibley, Paul J. van den Brink, Extrapolation Practice for Ecotoxicological Effect Characterization of Chemicals, 2008
Theo C. M. Brock, Keith R. Solomon, René van Wijngaarden, Lorraine Maltby
Sensitivity of populations and communities to toxic stress may be influenced by exposure history. Tolerance can be acquired by an individual due to physiological acclimation or by genetic adaptation. At the community level, PICT may result from replacement of sensitive species by less sensitive ones, genetic adaptation of one or more species, and/or physiological adaptation of individuals. Rapid genetic adaptation to toxicant stress usually involves a single gene. Experiments have demonstrated that genetic adaptation to metals and pesticides can develop within a few generations, particularly when it concerns species with a short generation time and a large number of offspring. In general, tolerant individuals disappear rapidly when released in clean environments, due to competition with nonadapted strains. Adaptation to chemical stress may be one of the reasons for the observed variability in toxicity for the same species reared in different laboratories, or sampled during different periods of the year or at different localities. Reported differences in tolerance to toxic substances among clones or subpopulations of aquatic organisms varied between two- and eightfold (Section 6.3.4).
Breaking boundaries with liberal studies in engineering
Published in Plato Kapranos, The Interdisciplinary Future of Engineering Education, 2018
At Smith College, one of the few liberal arts colleges offering an accredited engineering undergraduate major, Professors Susannah Howe, director of the Engineering Design Clinic, Suzanne Gottschang, from Anthropology, and Domminique Thiebaut, from Computer Science, collaborate in “coaching” a team of students in an engineering capstone design course. The course brought students majoring in Anthropology together with students of engineering. The small team was charged with designing a digital version of a screening questionnaire for paediatric toxic stress. In this, they worked closely with the Baystate High Street Health Center. For the students majoring in Anthropology, there exist few opportunities at the undergraduate level to work on a project in the “real world.”
Hydrogen And Carbon Monoxide As Early Warning Indicators Of Toxic Upsets In Anaerobic Digestion
Published in Bell John W., Proceedings of the 44th Industrial Waste Conference May 9, 10, 11, 1989, 1990
Eugenio Giraldo, Kajsa Norgren, Michael S. Switzenbaum, Robert F. Hickey
The behavior of hydrogen concentration in the headspace as a function of cadmium dosage and time, using sucrose as substrate, is shown in Figure 3. Two different responses can be distinguished. Cadmium dosages of 4 and 8 mg/L do not produce a significant variation in the behavior of hydrogen with respect to the controls. Higher dosages induced a definite response; hydrogen accumulates in the headspace with time to levels way above the control by 24 hours. This dual pattern may reflect an important characteristic of the behavior of the microbial ecosystem in an anaerobic digester under toxic stress generated by heavy metals.
Food insecurity and perceived anxiety among adolescents: An analysis of data from the 2009–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
Published in Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 2019
Merryn S. Maynard, Christopher M. Perlman, Sharon I. Kirkpatrick
There are a variety of potential pathways by which food insecurity could negatively impact mental health. The early life stress hypothesis suggests that food insecurity constitutes a form of stress, which is felt by children despite the buffering attempts of parents.9 Some have argued that food insecurity can contribute to toxic stress, which refers to chronic or prolonged activation of stress responses without adequate buffering from supportive relationships or environments.31 Repeated or chronic stress can impact the structure and function of the maturing regions of the brain and is associated with the development of mood and anxiety disorders.32 Toxic stress can therefore have a detrimental effect on brain development, which could result in poorer coping skills and the inability to adapt to stressful circumstances in later life.33 The stress experienced by adolescents over an inadequate or insufficient food supply could be particularly detrimental due to the ongoing physical and mental development that occurs throughout this life stage.32 Stresses associated with food insecurity may be exacerbated among older children if they feel the need to manage the household food supply, similar to that of their parents.29
Exploring Dietary Behavior in At-Risk Youth Participating in an After-school Agricultural Program
Published in Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 2020
Diana Cuy Castellanos, Jeanne Holcomb, Felix Fernando, Kellie Schneider, Deborah McCullough
Toxic stress in children is defined as a child’s prolonged exposure to adversity. Such stress may lead to risky lifestyle behaviors and poor mental and physical health, and is shown to stunt brain development.1 Areas of the brain that are most likely to be impacted include areas related to learning, judgment, emotions, and impulsivity. However, not all children who experience adverse events develop the negative outcomes associated with toxic stress, and protective factors can counterbalance adverse experiences and foster the development of resilience.2-3