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An Introduction to Bioactivity via Restorative Dental Materials
Published in Mary Anne S. Melo, Designing Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Restorative Dentistry, 2020
Mary Anne S. Melo, Ashley Reid, Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad
Globally, millions of people suffer from toothache due to tooth cavities and often permanent tooth loss. Dental caries, also known as tooth decay is a biofilm-dependent infectious disease that damages teeth by loss of minerals and presents high incidence around restorative polymeric fillings (tooth-colored fillings) (Askar et al. 2020). Untreated caries results in severe pulpal pathologies, which proceeds to tooth loss because the dental enamel cannot regenerate. Also, dental caries is highly prevalent among the elderly population due to unhealthy dietary habits and poor oral hygiene. According to the World Dental Federation, approximately 3.9 billion individuals are affected by dental caries annually, which affects almost half of the world’s population (Martins et al. 2017; Edelstein 2006).
Predicting Patient Missed Appointments in the Academic Dental Clinic
Published in Jay Liebowitz, Data Analytics and AI, 2020
Aundrea L. Price, Gopikrishnan Chandrasekharan
Missing or canceling appointments can prevent dentists and dental students from identifying pathology in the early stages. For example, early-stage dental caries (tooth decay) can be treated using conservative dental restoration techniques. These procedures normally result in very little pain and removal of dental tissues. In some cases, a dental anesthetic may not be required. However, patients with high anxiety are associated with an increased average time between visits (Armfield et al., 2007). Therefore, a problem that could have been rectified easily becomes a bigger issue between visits. If the dental decay extends deep into the tooth, then injecting a dental anesthetic and considerable drilling is required to remove decayed tooth tissue. If the decay extends to the pulp, then removal of the pulp and filling of the root canals will be required. All these procedures are expensive, more complex, and potentially more painful. Studies have shown that patients with most dental fear have significantly more missing teeth than patients with little or no fear (Armfield et al., 2007). Although it has been hypothesized that the fear of dental treatment can motivate patients to maintain good oral health status, studies have shown that this is not the case (Schuller et al., 2003).
Nano Dielectric Resonator Antenna (NDRA)
Published in Rajveer S. Yaduvanshi, Gaurav Varshney, Nano Dielectric Resonator Antennas for 5G Applications, 2020
Rajveer S. Yaduvanshi, Gaurav Varshney
We have identified dental imaging. Currently dentists try to identify if a patient has tooth decay using visual inspection or X-ray radiography. THz imaging has high-resolution due to which, early stage detection of tooth decay will become a possible solution. Terahertz imaging can also measure the absorption spectrum at each pixel, which could then be used to assess the effects of a reagent on the water content of the skin. The THz regime of the electromagnetic spectrum is rich with the emerging possibilities in imaging applications with unique characteristics for screening for weapons, explosives and biohazards and imaging of concealed objects, water content and skin, and these advantages can be harnessed by using the effective THz sources and detectors.
Hydroxyapatite and bone particle-doped ceramic water filters for the removal of fluoride and bacteria
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
Oluwole A. Omoniyi, Ali A. Salifu, John D. Obayemi, Oluwaseun K. Oyewole, Pierre-Marie Nigay, Omololu Akin-Ojo, Winston O. Soboyejo
The fluoride content of drinking water is generally good for the human body if its concentration falls within the World Health Organization (WHO) limit of 1.5 mg/L (WHO, 1984; He, 1996). Within this limit, fluoride prevents dental caries or tooth decay. However, fluorosis occurs when the fluoride concentration exceeds this limit. The following three types of fluorosis have been reported: dental fluorosis (fluoride content between 1.5 mg/L–4.0 mg/L) characterized by pitting, mottling and browning of teeth; skeletal fluorosis (fluoride content between 4.0 mg/L–8.0 mg/L) associated with skeletal malfunctioning and the weakening of bones; and crippling fluorosis (beyond 10 mg/L) characterized by the growing together of bone, fusion of bone junctions and consequently, total immobility (Fawell et al., 2006; WHO, 2011; Zereffa & Bekalo, 2017).
Dental Image Segmentation and Classification Using Inception Resnetv2
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2021
In the area of medical image processing, deep learning algorithms have an incredible number of applications. One of the most prevalent dental illnesses worldwide is dental caries. It is the medical term for the common dental cavity or tooth decay. Dental caries may have different stages, but the goal here is to classify disease and not advancement at its stage. The proposed method Curvilinear Semantic DCNN with Inception Resnet V2 gives the best result. In Curvilinear Semantic DCNN, the image is clustered and the cluster image is mapped. So, it is easy to identify the disease-infected area clearly. Four different classes, such as Periodontal, Enamel caries, Pericoronal and Periapical, are segmented in the infected area and then a deep convolution neural network like Inception Resnet V2 architecture is used for classification. The overall accuracy of 94.5% is achieved by using this proposed system. In future, the classification work will be extended for 3D cone beam tomography images.
A mindful product acceptance model
Published in Journal of Decision Systems, 2018
The literature provides insights into the reasons for drinking bottled water such as better taste or more convenience (Gleick, 2004). Some studies propose factors to explain why people use bottled water such as perceived risks of local water supply, perceived safety of bottled water and health concerns (Doria, 2006; Hu et al., 2011; Saylor et al., 2011). Doria (2006) found that consumers perceived bottled water as a healthier product. However, a portion of bottled water literature indicates the drawbacks of using bottled water. A study in Cleveland indicated that some bottled water does not meet the state required fluoride level, while 100% of tap water samples pass the test (Lalumandier & Ayers, 2000). Featherstone (1999) indicated that fluoridated drinking water reduces tooth decay via topical mechanisms. Bottled water contamination could be leached from bottle materials such as glass or plastic (Reimann, Birke, & Filzmoser, 2010). The quality of tap water and new bottled water can be similar in developed countries, but one study found that the bacteria growth in opened or used bottled water increased dramatically faster than a similar sample of tap water (Raj, 2005). Another study indicates that neither municipal tap water nor bottled water is always free from bacteria. In fact, bacterium contamination was found in both tap water samples and 20-L bottles of mineral water samples (Da Silva et al., 2008). The argument about the pros and cons of each alternative attracts much media attention and public discourse, and has generated numerous published scientific studies (Doria, 2006). In this study, we do not judge or compare the use of tap water and bottled water but rather investigate the factors affecting the use of bottled water.