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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
Thyroid stimulating hormone and the thyroid gland – the thyroid stimulating hormone acts on the thyroid gland in the neck and stimulates the release of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. The thyroid hormone stimulates metabolism by acting on the cells to speed up the rate at which food is used up and converted to heat and energy. The thyroid gland is unique in that it stores its hormones as a colloid in small vesicles in the gland. The other glands store their secretions in the cells themselves. The formation of the thyroid hormone requires iodine which has to be in the diet. In regions where populations may encounter a deficiency of iodine in their diets the addition of small quantities of iodine to salt (iodised salt) has helped in the prevention of enlargement of the thyroid or goitre which occurs in iodine deficiency. Deficiency of the thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism) in a child causes cretinism where the development of the nervous system is affected, and the child is mentally retarded. In an adult, deficiency of thyroid hormone causes myxoedema where the body temperature is low, the heart rate is slow, brain activity is sluggish and there is deposition of fluid-like material under the skin. The face and eyelids become puffy.
Machine Learning Approach with Data Normalization Technique for Early Stage Detection of Hypothyroidism
Published in Mitul Kumar Ahirwal, Narendra D. Londhe, Anil Kumar, Artificial Intelligence Applications for Health Care, 2022
Madhusudan G. Lanjewar, Rajesh K. Parate, Jivan S. Parab
The thyroid is a little gland in the neck region that produces thyroid hormones. It may produce hormones in large quantities or little. Hypothyroidism is a condition wherein the thyroid gland is unable to release sufficient amounts of thyroid hormones. These hormones help control the metabolism of the body and further affect how the body uses energy. Lacking the accurate amount of thyroid hormones, the body's normal functions start to impede, and the body faces changes each day. The symptoms are mood swings, happiness, sadness, fatigue, depression, constipation, feeling cold, weight gain, muscle weakness, dryness, thinning hair, and slowed heart rate. Hyperthyroidism is a situation when the thyroid gland makes excessive thyroid hormones [1]. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism are nervousness, restlessness, inability to concentrate, increased appetite, difficulty sleeping, itching, hair loss, nausea, and vomiting. For diagnosis, entire medical history and physical tests like free T4, T3, cholesterol, and TSH tests are required. As these tests produce a large amount of data, ML can be used for finding crucial features from a large amount of data. Due to this ML can be used in combination with medical science for accurate diagnosis of hypothyroidism disease [2].
Homo Sapiens (“Us”): Strengths and Weaknesses
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
Triiodothyronine and thyroxine stimulate body oxygen and energy consumption, thereby increasing the basal metabolic rate. The thyroid hormones increase the basal metabolic rate, affect protein synthesis, help regulate long bone growth (synergy with growth hormone) and neural maturation. They also increase the body’s sensitivity to catecholamines (such as adrenaline). The thyroid hormones are essential to proper development and differentiation of all cells of the human body. They regulate protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism. They also stimulate vitamin metabolism and are associated with heat generation. On the other hand, thyronamines, a family of metabolites of the thyroid hormones, are known to play an important role in the hibernation cycles of mammals. More research is needed to fully understand how they seem to inhibit neuronal activity.
Dietary exposure to thyroid disrupting chemicals: a community-based study in Canada
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2023
Nicole Babichuk, Atanu Sarkar, Shree Mulay, John Knight, Edward Randell
Thyroid Hormones (THs) play crucial roles in human growth and development, contributing to the nervous system, bones, lungs, cardiovascular system, and metabolic functioning. THs include hormones produced by the thyroid gland, such as triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), as well as hormones produced by the pituitary, such as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TH levels are regulated through a negative feedback system involving the hypothalamus, pituitary, and thyroid gland.1 Peripheral metabolism of these hormones helps maintain levels within a narrow normal range.1 THs are targets of several structurally diverse endocrine disrupting chemicals.2 These exogenous substances interfere with hormone actions and cause adverse health effects in organisms.3 Thyroid disrupting chemicals (TDCs) are a class of endocrine disrupting chemicals that alter TH homeostasis through various mechanisms (e.g., altering receptor proteins, binding to transport proteins, modifying cellular uptake and metabolism of THs), thus interfering with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis.2
Effective K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithms Performance Analysis of Thyroid Disease
Published in Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 2021
Hafiz Abbad Ur Rehman, Chyi-Yeu Lin, Zohaib Mushtaq
The thyroid gland is found on the verge of the neck and is responsible for secreting thyroid hormones which play an important role in the metabolism of the human body (Amercian Thyroid Association 2020a). When this gland secretes an excessive amount of hormone, this is called hyperthyroidism. Whereas, inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones results in hypothyroidism (Shroff et al. 2015). In hyperthyroidism, due to an abnormally high amount of secretion, metabolism of the human body is fast, and a person may experience symptoms such as rapid weight loss, irregular heartbeat, and elevated blood pressure (Medline Plus 2020a): On the other hand, hypothyroidism occurs due to insufficient hormone secretion which may result in a person experiencing slow metabolism, weight gain, low pulse rate, and low blood pressure as its symptoms (Medline Plus 2020b). To identify the thyroid disease, a physician usually performs a blood test to measure the T4, T3, and TSH hormone levels (Pal, Anand, and Dubey 2018; Amercian Thyroid Association 2020b).