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Endocrine system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Radionuclide imaging: differentiated thyroid carcinoma may be of papillary or follicular histological type but is distinguished by the ability to produce and secrete thyroglobulin, a protein used within the thyroid cells to manufacture the hormones T3 and T4. Serum thyroglobulin can therefore be used as a marker for recurrent or residual disease. When the serum thyroglobulin level is raised further imaging is required to assess the location of production, either in local recurrence or metastatic disease, and this can be achieved by radioiodinewhole-body radionuclide imaging, although more commonly it is now done by technetium scanning, with SPECT as appropriate. Ultrasound can also be used to assess the local area of the thyroid and to guide biopsy if needed.
Biokinetic Models
Published in Shaheen A. Dewji, Nolan E. Hertel, Advanced Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2019
The basic unit of cellular organization within the thyroid is the follicle (Figure 6.27 ), a spherical structure typically a few hundredths of a millimeter in diameter. Each follicle is composed of a single layer of epithelial cells enclosing a lumen filled with a viscous material called colloid. The colloid consists mainly of thyroglobulin, a protein synthesized by follicular cells and secreted into the lumen. Thyroglobulin serves as a matrix for production and storage of the thyroid hormones T4 and T3.
Targeted proteomic approaches in the context of COVID-19 pandemic
Published in Sanjeeva Srivastava, Multi-Pronged Omics Technologies to Understand COVID-19, 2022
Mehar Un Nissa, Alisha Srivastava, Medha Gayathri J. Pai
TP approach, in the field of diagnostics, is not unprecedented. It has been in use for the routine monitoring of well-known clinical biomarkers. One example is thyroglobulin as a tumor biomarker in serum samples (Hoofnagle et al. 2008). There are various other examples in which selected reaction monitoring (SRM) methods for detecting biomarkers specific to prostate cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, etc., were developed (Huillet et al. 2012; Henderson et al. 2017; Park et al. 2020).
Association between polychlorinated biphenyl exposure and thyroid hormones: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2022
Christine C. Little, Joshua Barlow, Mathilda Alsen, Maaike van Gerwen
Results of the congener-specific analysis are consistent with previous literature demonstrating an inverse association between T3 and PCB-153 and PCB-180. PCB congeners may be grouped into classes based on their potential health effects in humans: group 1 (potentially estrogenic), group 2 (dioxin-like), and group 3 (cytochrome P450 inducers).2 PCB-153 and PCB-180 are classified as group 3 congeners and are among the most abundant congeners detected in human tissue.6,57 PCB-153 has been shown to disrupt thyroid homeostasis by a variety of mechanisms, including induction of hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, decreased gene expression of type-II and type-III deiodinases, and decreased synthesis of thyroid-associated proteins, including the sodium iodide symporter, thyroid peroxidase, and thyroglobulin.58 PCB-153 exposure has been negatively correlated with T3 and T4 levels in a variety of animal models, in accordance with our results.46,58,59 A dose-dependent decrease in T3 and T4 has likewise been demonstrated following PCB-180 exposure, associated with follicle hypertrophy and colloid depletion on histopathologic analysis of thyroid tissue.60
Single-session high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation for benign thyroid nodules: a systematic review
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Eleftherios Spartalis, Sotirios P. Karagiannis, Nikolaos Plakopitis, Maria Anna Theodori, Dimosthenis Chrysikos, Stavroula A. Paschou, Georgios Boutzios, Dimitrios Schizas, Michael Spartalis, Theodore Troupis, Nikolaos Nikiteas
It is common practice that before proceeding to the HIFU ablation, the patients undergo a pre-treatment assessment, which, in most cases, consists of an imaging US session, laboratory tests, FNA of the nodule of interest and a radionuclide scan of each patient’s thyroid gland [19,20,28]. The ultrasound session is carried out in order to locate the nodule, measure its distance to surrounding anatomical structures, describe the nodule’s vascularization, echogenicity and homogeneity and determine the nodule’s dimensions, which are later used to calculate its volume [17–27]. Laboratory testing is performed to assess the patient’s thyroid function. Thyrotropin (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxin (fT4), thyroglobulin (TG), and calcitonin are evaluated along with autoantibodies anti-TPO and anti-TG [17–27]. Then, either an FNAC or an FNAB is performed to confirm the benignancy of the nodule [18–20,25,27]. Lastly, a conventional radionuclide scan with 99mTc is carried out for every patient to evaluate nodule function [20].
Consumption of water contaminated by nitrate and its deleterious effects on the human thyroid gland: a review and update
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Edgar García Torres, Rebeca Pérez Morales, Alberto González Zamora, Efraín Ríos Sánchez, Edgar Héctor Olivas Calderón, José de Jesús Alba Romero, Esperanza Yasmín Calleros Rincón
As indicated previously, the formation of NO can take place through the L-arginine-NOS or nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, and is such formation of NO that also has been related to a disruption in thyroid function, such relationship may occur by inhibition in the growth of thyrocytes in response to the presence of IL-1/IFN- γ (Motohashi et al. 1996), besides, it has been indicated that the production of NO can be linked to the pathogenesis of inflammation and tissue damage due to the formation of nitrite peroxide, characteristic signs in autoimmune diseases of the TG such as Graves´ disease and Hashimoto´s thyroiditis (Figueroa-Vega et al. 2008), or by the stimulation of the inflammatory response and prostaglandins through TNF-α and IFN-γ within thyroid cells (Khan et al. 2015). The presence of nitric oxide in thyroid tissue has also been shown to promote inhibition of NIS, Forkhead FoxE1 factor, thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin, although the mechanism of disruption is still not fully elucidated (Nicola et al. 2015; Bazzara et al. 2007; Del Mar Montesinos et al. 2016). Furthermore, the role of NO in carcinogenesis is complex, affecting all stages of carcinogenesis by modulating cell division and growth, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, and even metastasis, and also promoting genotoxicity and mutagenicity due NO overproduction and overexpression of iNOS which as a pro-neoplastic produces a high level of NO in many human cancers (Khazan and Hdayati 2014), while in thyroid cancer it has been related to an increase in angiogenesis, malignancy, inflammation, and as a mediator of tumor growth in conjunction with a vascular endothelial growth factor that is present in thyroid tumors (Takeuchi et al. 2001; Patel et al. 2002).