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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
The diencephalon is located centrally within the forebrain (the anterior or front part of the brain). It consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus, which together enclose the third ventricle (a sac containing cerebrospinal fluid found within the brain which is connected to the lateral ventricles in the cerebral hemispheres and to the 4th ventricle in the brain stem). The thalamus acts as a grouping and relay station for sensory inputs (inputs such as pain, touch and temperature from the periphery), ascending to the sensory cortex and associated areas. It also mediates motor activities, cortical arousal or wakefulness and memories. The hypothalamus, by controlling the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system, is responsible for maintaining the body’s homeostatic balance by maintaining the concentrations of ions and pH of the internal environment (‘the milieu interior’). Moreover, the hypothalamus forms a part of the limbic system, the ‘emotional’ brain. The epithalamus consists of the pineal gland and its connections.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
The diencephalon is located centrally within the forebrain (the anterior or front part of the brain). It consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus, which together enclose the third ventricle (a sac containing cerebrospinal fluid found within the brain which is connected to the lateral ventricles in the cerebral hemispheres and to the fourth ventricle in the brainstem). The thalamus acts as a grouping and relay station for sensory inputs (inputs such as pain, touch and temperature from the periphery), ascending to the sensory cortex and associated areas. It also mediates motor activities, cortical arousal or wakefulness and memories. The hypothalamus, by controlling the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system, is responsible for maintaining the body’s homeostatic balance, by maintaining the concentrations of ions and pH, of the internal environment (‘the milieu interior’). Moreover, the hypothalamus forms a part of the limbic system, the ‘emotional’ brain. The epithalamus consists of the pineal gland and its connections.
Computational modeling and simulation of stenosis of the cerebral aqueduct due to brain tumor
Published in Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2022
Uzair Ul Haq, Ali Ahmed, Zartasha Mustansar, Arslan Shaukat, Sasa Cukovic, Faizan Nadeem, Saadia Talay, M. Junaid Iqbal Khan, Lee Margetts
Figure 8(b) pertains to a tumor-specific case, where the pressure field is reported for a stenosed CA. In this case, a higher pressure in the lateral ventricles is observed owing to decreased outflow towards the fourth ventricle. The maximum pressure of 5.4 Pa is found in the lateral ventricles, with a pressure drop of 0.8 Pa in the third ventricle. The pressures in the CA present a unique case. A stenosed duct is practically a duct that is squeezed to a point where there is no outflow. Hence, beyond that point no fluid enters, which makes the pressure in that section drop below the surrounding pressures. This confirms that under a stenosed CA, the pressure in the CA and the fourth ventricle drops significantly, and the pressure in the lateral ventricles increases, indicating distension of the lateral ventricles.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage Detection in Computed Tomography Scans Through Cost-Sensitive Machine Learning
Published in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 2022
The data used for the study were obtained under a CC0: Public Domain license (Kitamura 2017). The dataset consisted of 200 anonymized, publicly-available images of non-contrast computed tomography (CT) scans (brain window), 100 of which contained instances of intraparenchymal hemorrhage with or without intraventricular extension, and 100 of which did not. A sample of 4 images from the data is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1a,b show scans without intracerebral hemorrhage, at the level of the lateral ventricles and third ventricle, respectively. Figure 1c displays a large intracerebral hemorrhage with intraventricular extension. Figure 1d contains a small intracerebral hemorrhage without intraventricular extension.