China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Caenorhabditis elegans
Published in Iniewski Krzysztof, Integrated Microsystems, 2017
Pouya Rezai, Sangeena Salam, P. Ravi Selvaganapathy, Bhagwati P. Gupta
The lead screening and optimization in the drug discovery process is frequently carried out by high-throughput screening (HTS) of chemical compounds using in vitro assays (e.g., against a protein target present either in solution or in cultured cells). As these approaches ignore the complexity of biological processes in the context of multicellular organisms that involve interactions between different types of cells and tissues, they often fail to produce desired results in subsequent animal and human trials. This results in poor efficacy, nonspecific effects, delay in clinical trials, and a significant increase in the cost of developing new drugs. A better approach would be to use a whole animal model that allows monitoring of various steps in drug screening, such as administration, distribution, metabolism, and toxicity, during the screening phase. Although human subjects are ideal, they cannot be tested due to the enormous complexity of the cellular and molecular processes, as well as the ethical issues associated with subjecting them to experimentation. Therefore, alternative eukaryotic systems (e.g., Caenorhabditis elegans) are desired, which are simpler and easier to manipulate yet complex enough to address many of the questions relevant to human biology.
Medicine and Pharmaceuticals Biomanufacturing – Industry 5.0
Published in Pau Loke Show, Kit Wayne Chew, Tau Chuan Ling, The Prospect of Industry 5.0 in Biomanufacturing, 2021
Zahra Nashath, Doris Ying Ying Tang, Kit Wayne Chew, Pau Loke Show
A clinical trial is an experiment conducted on a group of volunteer patients to test the efficacy and safety of a new drug, treatment or medical device. It is a critical process in the drug development cycle. Clinical trials are divided into four phases, wherein different phases involve different numbers of participants. For instance, recruitment of 20–80 participants for phase 1; phase 2 involves 100–300 participants; 1,000–3,000 participants for phase 3 and phase 4 involves more than 1,000 participants. Therefore, there is an issue of data collection from these large numbers of participants from multiple regions and countries, especially in long-term follow-up data collection, such as in cancer clinical trials, as most clinical trials still rely on outdated paper-based data collection (Deloitte Luxembourg 2019, 28). Moreover, there are also difficulties in sourcing participants from narrow subsections of society and minority populations. Participation in clinical trials is time-consuming due to the slow enrolment process and requires participants to make regular visits to study sites, normally set in hospitals or research centers (Oh et al. 2015, 3–4). The associated inefficiencies and logistical challenges, from the recruitment of participants, data collection and finally study adherence in the early stages of clinical trials, have resulted in eligible participants being reluctant to participate in clinical trials (Deloitte Luxembourg 2019, 28). In fact, less than 10% of eligible individuals are willing to join the clinical trials (Murthy, Krumholz, and Gross 2004, 2722–23) with high dropout rates frequently experienced.
The State of the Science: Human Health, Toxicology, and Nanotechnology Risks
Published in Jo Anne Shatkin, Nanotechnology, 2017
The general types of testing include studies conducted in vitro or in vivo. In vitro refers to studies conducted in a “test tube,” meaning that tests are conducted on isolates of animal tissues, such as cells or parts of cells, in small containers such as a petri dish. These provide information on nonorgan toxicology, meaning that these tend to be biochemical reactions that occur potentially in many types of cells. These studies are useful, as they generally provide information on both the chemistry of the material and its interaction with the biological material.
Doctor unpredicted prescription handwriting prediction using triboelectric smart recognition
Published in Production Planning & Control, 2023
P. Manivannan, Nidhi Agarwal, Rahul Pradhan, Bala Anand Muthu, M. M. Kamruzzaman, Akila Victor, R. Mervin
From Figure 12, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy analyses assess a test’s performance. In medicine, it can be used to evaluate the efficiency of a test used to diagnose a disease or in quality control to detect the presence of a defect in a manufactured product. This graph comparison result is compared to sensitivity, specificity, and approximate accuracy result is 62% efficient. In the ROI graph between the word rate and character recognition rate, the first-level range is 1–5%. The increased range is 28.4%, the second-level range is 6–10%, and the increased range is 56.9%, the third level range is 11–15% and increased range is 85.4%. The first-level range is 1–5%, the increased range is 12.46%, the second-level range is 6–10%, the increased range is 24.56%, and the third-level range is 11–15%, and the increased range is 36.66%.
Mock circulatory test rigs for the in vitro testing of artificial cardiovascular organs
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2019
Since the MCTR is a mechanical-electrical-hydraulic system, researchers can freely locate sensors in whatever positions in the MCTR those are suitable to probe the response details. If necessary, both the MCTR and the device model can be scaled up to bigger dimensions to facilitate the measurement of response variables related to size-critical features of the device models. While in an in vivo test, the complex geometries and the small dimensions in the organs and blood vessels of the animal or human body become the major constraints to the deployment of sensors, which makes the measurement of circulatory physiology very difficult if not impossible. In vitro study does not need ethical approval, and the experimental conditions are much easier to control when the prosthetics are tested in vitro using the MCTR. Conversely, in vivo tests in animal/human bodies need ethical approval, suffer from the difficulty in the control of the experimental conditions, and cannot effectively avoid the problems associated with the inter-subject difference. For these reasons, in vitro study using the MCTR is applied extensively as an alternative or prelude to in vivo tests in the field of cardiovascular research.