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Gastrointestinal system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Management options for rectal carcinoma include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Surgery for rectal carcinoma is potentially curative and consists of complete removal of the rectum and surrounding mesorectal fat and lymphatics, i.e. total mesorectal excision (TME). TNM staging of rectal carcinoma may assist in directing management. TME may be used for tumours that have not invaded beyond the rectal wall, i.e. T1 or T2. For higher stage tumours, neoadjuvant chemotherapy or a combination of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy may be used prior to surgery. For advanced invasive disease or metastatic disease, non-curative surgery such as local excision and stoma may be used to palliate obstruction.
Understanding the complex microenvironment in oral cancer: the contribution of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago over the last 100 years
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Alison Mary Rich, Haizal Mohd Hussaini, Benedict Seo, Rosnah Bt Zain
For many years research into OSCC and potentially malignant oral disorders (PMOD) concentrated on the epithelium alone. However, malignant tumours, including OSCC, exist in conjunction with host cells and it is well recognised that interaction between these components is important in tumour development and progression. In addition to cells (tumour cells, immune/inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells, adipocytes), the TME comprises extracellular matrix (ECM) and soluble factors, signalling molecules and metabolites such as enzymes, growth factors, cytokines, microRNAs and microvesicles. In the 2000s we were interested in the network of immune cells and cytokines and how they interacted which each other in the TME. Little was known back then on the mechanisms of how OSCC progresses from a dysplastic lesion to ultimately metastasise to regional lymph nodes.
Phytochemical and biological characterization of aqueous extract of Vassobia breviflora on proliferation and viability of melanoma cells: involvement of purinergic pathway
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Altevir Rossato Viana, Nathieli Bianchin Bottari, Vinícius Rodrigues Oviedo, Daniel Santos, James Eduardo Lago Londero, Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger, Erico Marlon Moraes Flores, Aline Pigatto, André Passaglia Schuch, Alexandre Krause, Luciana Maria Fontanari Krause
Host cells release cytokines, growth factors, cytotoxic molecules, proteases, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that accumulate in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and impinge upon tumor cell functions but also markedly affect the host’s ability to fight the tumor (Hanahan 2022). Nucleotides, mainly ATP, are also released in TME by both tumor and other cells present. The influence of nucleotides on TME is variable, as nucleotides are involved in tumor and stromal cell growth and metabolism, as well as immune cell activation. ATP is released into the TME by different mechanisms: passive efflux associated with cell death, plasma membrane transporter or channel-mediated release, secretory exocytosis, and release from microvesicles on the plasma membrane. In addition, nucleotides induce immunosuppression, for example by diverting T helper (Th) lymphocytes toward TH2 cell differentiation (Di Virgilio, Boeynaems, and Robson 2009), or induce immunostimulation depending upon the concentration and purinrergic P2Rs (Di Virgilio, Boeynaems, and Robson 2009; Kepp et al. 2017). Similarly, nucleotides may also exert opposite effects on tumor cells by increasing growth or inducing cell death (Di Virgilio et al. 2017). There is a high ATP content in TME (Di Virgilio et al. 2018), and the accumulation of this nucleotide is part of the metabolic activity of the tumor and cells that surround the tumor as a defense mechanism (Di Virgilio et al. 2018). Low levels of ATP are predicted to promote cancer proliferation and immunosuppression, while high levels preferentially activate infiltrating dendritic cells and thereby promote tumor antigen presentation and anti-tumor immunity (Kepp et al. 2017). One of the main mechanisms responsible for tumor escape is the inhibition of the immune response, partially achieved by the presence of ATP and adenosine.
Advanced materials and technologies for oral diseases
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2023
Hao Cui, Yan You, Guo-Wang Cheng, Zhou Lan, Ke-Long Zou, Qiu-Ying Mai, Yan-Hua Han, Hao Chen, Yu-Yue Zhao, Guang-Tao Yu
In addition to chemotherapeutic drugs, some non-cancerous chemotherapeutic drugs, as well as metal ions, genes, proteins and peptides, etc, can achieve the ability to specifically activate the immune system or directly and specifically kill tumor cells after being processed by nano-drug delivery systems [258]. These materials can play a role in the treatment of tumors in three different ways: by targeting cancer cells, TME, or the peripheral immune system [259].