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Structure and Function of Cartilage
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
Although joints vary by structure and function (Figure 1.4), they can be classified by the range of movement and the tissue connecting the bones (Figure 1.5). Structurally, joints can be classified by the type of connective tissue present, either fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, or no direct connection. Joints connected by fibrous connective tissue (fibrous joints) include the sutures of the bones of the skull, the syndesmosis of the radius/ulna and fibula/tibia, and the gomphosis of the tooth and socket. Except for the syndesmosis, which permits movement, the fibrous joints permit little to no movement and functionally are classified as synarthrosis joint types. Joints connected by cartilaginous tissues (hyaline or fibrocartilage) may be further subdivided into synchondrosis and symphysis joints. Synchondrosis joints (with the exception of the joint of the first rib and sternum) are present during skeletal maturation as growth plates. This offers minimal movement and is later replaced with bone. Symphysis joints, such as the intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis, generally allow some movement (amphiarthrosis) and are permanent structures. Anatomically, these are composed of hyaline cartilage separated by a fibrocartilage disc (Gray et al. 1980).
Manubrio-sternal joint mobility during forced ventilation using non-invasive opto-electronic plethysmography: cases studies
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
L. Gaillard, L. Debraux, N. Houel
Sternum is a flat bone composed of three parts: manubrium superiorly, xiphoid process inferiorly and the body in between (Selthofer et al. 2006). Manubrio-Sternal Joint (MSJ), also known as Louis’ Angle, is a synarthrosis joint. Manubrium and sternal body intersect with an angle of 165° to 175° between their posterior faces (intra-thoracic faces, Carrier et al. 2007). MSJ has implications in rheumatoid diseases and traumatic injuries. The potential MSJ degrees of freedom and range of motion during breathing and their relationships with ventilatory disease management stay controversial.