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Cellular Therapeutics: A Novel Modality with Great Therapeutic Potential
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
One way to get cells that are normally adherent into suspension is to allow them to adhere to microcarrier beads (Pall Corporation, Corning, Inc.). Plastic or glass beads have been used for the production of “standard” biologics and viruses, and this approach is being adapted for the production of cellular therapies. Beads can be tissue-culture-treated like the plastic surfaces used in plates and cells and will adhere to those surfaces and proliferate. The cell-coated beads can be placed into traditional bioreactors so that cells can be grown in volumetric conditions using an impeller bioreactor or wave bioreactor. The quantity of cells that can be produced in bioreactors is based on the size, concentration, and surface area of the beads in the bioreactor. All parameters that can be measured and monitored in a traditional bioreactor can also be measured when beads are used as the growth support, and cells can keep their phenotypic characteristics as if they were grown on flat surfaces. The main benefits for growing cells in this manner are that costs/quantity of cells produced are lower than 2D culturing, and bioreactor designs have been optimized for suspension culture.
Expression of Cloned Proteins in Mammalian Cells: Regulation of Cell-Associated Parameters
Published in Anthony S. Lubiniecki, Large-Scale Mammalian Cell Culture Technology, 2018
Animal cells are grown attached to a substrate or in suspension depending on the cell type, and some can be grown in either mode. Mammalian cells are fragile in suspension, at least compared to microbes. However, with few exceptions, this fragility is not well studied or understood (11). This greater fragility, however, makes the minimization of shear forces and other mechanical damage of considerable importance for some types of cells including hybridomas. Suspension cultures, whether of free cells or cells attached to microcarriers, must be stirred to provide mixing of nutrients, oxygen, and metabolic byproducts, and to keep the cells in a homogeneous suspension so that control of pH and other parameters, can be maintained. This mixing can be provided while minimizing cell damage by optimizing vessel design (12) and agitation rates.
Soil and groundwater remediation proposal for hydrocarbons in a tropical aquifer
Published in Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, 2023
Adriana Márquez, Estafania Freytez, Julio Maldonado, Edilberto Guevara, Sergio Pérez, Eduardo Buroz
Equations for the design of coupled bioreactors based on mass balance under a steady state are shown in Table 7 (Metcalf & Eddy, 1991). For Equation (6) – which allows to estimate the HRT in the SBR and SS-SBR designs – the kinetic parameters related to the substrate maximum utilization rate and the saturation/inhibition coefficient are taken from Tables 2 and 5, respectively. The remaining kinetic parameters such as the cell production coefficient and the cell retention time were extracted from experimental values for suspension culture reactors (Metcalf & Eddy, 1991).
Soil and groundwater remediation proposal for hydrocarbons in a tropical aquifer
Published in Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, 2022
Adriana Márquez, Estafania Freytez, Julio Maldonado, Edilberto Guevara, Sergio Pérez, Eduardo Buroz
Equations for the design of coupled bioreactors based on mass balance under steady state are shown in Table 7 (Metcalf & Eddy 1991). For Equation (6), which allows to estimate HRT into the SBR and SS-SBR designs, the kinetic parameters related to substrate maximum utilization rate and the saturation/inhibition coefficient were taken from Tables 2 and 5, respectively. The remaining kinetic parameters such as the cell production coefficient and the cell retention time were extracted from experimental values for suspension culture reactors (Metcalf and Eddy 1991).
The aluminum tolerance and detoxification mechanisms in plants; recent advances and prospects
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Lei Yan, Muhammad Riaz, Jiayou Liu, Min Yu, Jiang Cuncang
Moreover, the relationship between pectin and Al tolerance has always been a research hotspot in the field of plant stress physiology (Yan et al., 2018; Zhu et al., 2018). Aluminum was mainly accumulated in pectin in tobacco cell suspension culture. Successively, Li, Li et al. (2016) in pea (Pisum sativum), proposed that the degree of pectin methylation in the plant was negatively correlated with Al tolerance. The pectin content in the root tip of sensitive maize variety was higher than that of Al-tolerant varieties (Eticha et al., 2005), and the pectin content was increased significantly on the exposure of Al (Yan et al., 2018; Zhu et al., 2018). The negative charge of galacturonic acid in the pectin component can provide a cation exchange site to bind Al3+ (Poschenrieder et al., 2008). Immunofluorescence localization of pectin monoclonal antibody showed that the sensitive type had a higher proportion of low methoxylated pectin than the Al-tolerant type, which had a higher negative charge to combine more Al (Eticha et al., 2005).