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Hyperspectral image analysis for subcutaneous veins localization
Published in Ahmad Fadzil Mohamad Hani, Dileep Kumar, Optical Imaging for Biomedical and Clinical Applications, 2017
Aamir Shahzad, Mohamad Naufal Mohamad Saad, Fabrice Meriaudeau, Aamir Saeed Malik
Subcutaneous veins: Subcutaneous or superficial veins lie near to the surface of skin. These are present in the third layer of skin called hypodermis which contains the subcutaneous tissues. The word subcutaneous means “situated under the skin.” These veins communicate with deep veins through a complex network underneath the skin. The most commonly known subcutaneous veins are present in the forearm and back of the hand regions of the human body. These appear blue in colour since the absorption of the red component of visible light is much higher in deoxygenated blood as compared to the oxygenated blood in arteries [6]. These veins are used for the venous puncture procedure due to their location in the body. The pressure inside the veins is lesser than arteries which make them suitable for IV catheterization and fluid administration purposes. Figure 7.2 depicts the IV catheter insertion at the backhand site of a patient.
Study on methods to extract high contrast image in active dynamic thermography
Published in Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Journal, 2019
Ashish Saxena, Vignesh Raman, E. Y. K. Ng
After the removal of the external stimulation (cooling), before reaching the original thermal equilibrium with the ambient surroundings, the skin tissue undergoes a transient recovery phase. The thermal activity of the skin tissue, due to blood perfusion and blood flow in the superficial vein, determines the rate of the recovery process. It is evident that the skin tissue over the superficial vein will recover faster as compared to the surrounding skin tissue with no such vein. This brings out the contrast in the visibility of the superficial vein. However, the dynamic sequence images do not hold a consistent clear visibility of the blood vessel as the recovery progresses further. Given the rate of recovery is directly proportional to the temperature difference, due to a continuous decrease in the temperature difference, the rate of recovery slows down as the recovery progresses. Therefore, the visibility of the superficial vein with reference to the nearby skin tissue region first increases and then decreases. To quantify this characteristic, using Equation (11), the contrast of the superficial vein, in all the sequence images, is calculated. Plotting the superficial vein contrast, in all subjects, against time, Figure 4 corroborates with the fact that the visibility of the superficial vein changes dynamically throughout the recovery phase.
Organophosphate pesticide exposure among farm women and children: Status of micronutrients, acetylcholinesterase activity, and oxidative stress
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2022
Srujana Medithi, Yogeswar Dayal Kasa, Babban Jee, Venkaiah Kodali, Padmaja R. Jonnalagadda
About 5 mL of the blood sample was collected through venipuncture of the median cubital vein (superficial vein in the upper limb) in Becton Dickinson (BD) vacutainer tubes under aseptic conditions from each study subject. The samples collected were transported from the field to the laboratory in thermal boxes containing gel packs (maintained at −10 °C). The samples were subjected to centrifugation for 6 min at 3000 rpm, to separate the serum/plasma, and then stored at − 80 °C until they were further analyzed.
Model-based multivariable regression model for thermal comfort in naturally ventilated spaces with personalized ventilation
Published in Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 2021
Mariam Itani, Dalia Ghaddar, Nesreen Ghaddar, Kamel Ghali
The segmental skin temperatures and the rate of change of 27 body segments, shown in a schematic in Figure 3, (head, upper and lower arms, palms, 10 fingers, chest, abdomen, upper and lower back, thighs, calves and feet), are predicted by a robust and previously validated bioheat model of Al-Othmani, Ghaddar, and Ghali (2008). Each segment is modelled as a cylinder and composed of a core, skin, artery, and vein nodes, and when applicable, a superficial vein node. Moreover, each segment has several skin nodes (left and right for example for the chest, back, etc.; and cheeks, forehead and backhead for the head). This accounts for any diversity in the local conditions depending on the interaction of each segment with its surrounding environment, through convection, radiation, respiration, sweat evaporation, and clothing, whenever applicable. Modelling of blood flow was based on a modified multi-branched arterial tree model of Avolio (1980) to include the five fingers for each hand. In hot conditions, the limbs play an important role in removing the body heat (Karaki et al. 2013; Itani et al. 2020). The model used lumped capacitance to conduct energy balance calculations for the nodes of the core, skin, artery, and vein and for the superficial vein as applicable for each body segment (Karaki et al. 2013). The body segments are connected through blood flow in the arteries and veins offering an improved representation of the circulatory system and the distribution of heat within the body. The adopted model accounts for non-uniform distribution of body fat as well as sweat glands in the human body. Solving the bioheat model equations was done using a fully explicit first order Euler-Forward integration scheme with a time step of 0.05s. Prediction of the segmental core and skin temperatures and arterial blood flows for given metabolic rate and environmental conditions were constrained by the thermoregulatory controls (Al-Othmani, Ghaddar, and Ghali 2008; Karaki et al. 2013). In addition, initialization of the different parameters related to blood flows and temperatures was first done for a preconditioning period, and then the steady state results were taken as initial values for the exposure period.