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Neural Stem Cells and Oligodendrocyte Progenitors in the Central Nervous System
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Jennifer A. Jackson, Diana L. Clarke
The exact mechanisms underlying the developmental changes in the stem cell and precursor population in any given region of the neural tube are not understood. However, by midgestation in the developing cortex of the brain, for example, young neurons have migrated beyond the germinal ventricular zone (VZ) of the neuroepithelium with the aid of newly formed glial cells in this region (Fig. 2). These radial glia contact the inner ventricular surface and the outer pial surface of the neural tube, guiding neuronal migration away from the VZ and forming the second germinal zone, the subventricular zone (SVZ). When early neuroblast formation has ceased, the neuroepithelial stem cells begin to differentiate into glioblasts. Clonal studies suggest that most glia originate from stem cells in the neuroepithelium.11 These cells migrate out into the adjacent SVZ where they proliferate and become astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Lineage tracing studies using stereotactically injected retrovirus support the view that the majority of progenitors within this germinal matrix are glial precursors that generate either astrocytes or oligodendrocytes.12,13 Some SVZ cells give rise to both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, and a rare cell will develop into both neurons and glia,14 athough this remains a controversial issue.15
The impact of electric fields on cell processes, membrane proteins, and intracellular signaling cascades
Published in Ze Zhang, Mahmoud Rouabhia, Simon E. Moulton, Conductive Polymers, 2018
In a recent study by Cao and colleagues (2013), researchers used the vibrating probe and four-point probe system to measure electric currents in whole brain tissue of adult mice. The group discovered the presence of an endogenous EF along the rostral migratory stream (RMS)—a specialized migratory route for neuronal precursors that runs from the subventricular zone (SVZ) to the olfactory bulb (OB) in some mammals. Using the vibrating probe, Cao et al. (2013) measured an average inward current of –1.6 ± 0.4 μA/cm2 located along the lateral ventricle wall and an outward current of 1.5 ± 0.6 μA/cm2 at the surface of the OB (Figure 8.1a and b), resulting in an average field strength of 3 mV/mm along the RMS. Based on their findings, the authors concluded this endogenous EF might act as a guidance cue for neuroblast migration from the neurogenic region in the SVZ to their final location in the OB. The olfactory system is one of the few mammalian tissues known to possess the natural ability to regenerate throughout the animal’s life span (Ma et al. 2014).
Role of Nanotechnology in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Published in Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Rout George Kerry, Abinash Dutta, Biotechnological Advances for Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Nanotechnology, 2022
Bijayananda Panigrahi, Uday Suryakanta, Sourav Mishra, Rohit Kumar Singh, Dindyal Mandal
One of the furthermost notable applications of bacteriophage and phage display technology in neural regeneration is the screening of phage display libraries on neural stem cells in order to know peptide ligands for the precise binding capacity to the stem cells of the central nervous system. Neural stem cells are self-renewing, undifferentiated, and multi-potent progenitor cells that are situated in the subventricular zone and the hippocampal sub granular zone in the adult brain of mammals (Conti et al., 2006).
Consequences of space radiation on the brain and cardiovascular system
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2021
Catherine M. Davis, Antiño R. Allen, Dawn E. Bowles
The hippocampal formation undergoes structural changes throughout the human lifespan. It is capable of dramatic reorganization, enabling environmental stimuli to impose functional and structural changes on the brain.7 The plasticity of neuronal connections functions through the generation of new neurons and synapses, which enables the brain to store memories.8 Neurogenesis is defined as the series of developmental steps that lead from the division of a neural stem or progenitor cell to a mature, functionally integrated neuron.9 The generation of new neurons from neural stem cells occurs in only two areas of the adult brain: the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the DG in the hippocampus.7 In mammals, precursor cell proliferation occurs in the SGZ throughout life,10,11 resulting in newly born cells that are capable of migrating into the dentate granule cell layer.11 Newborn granule cells pass through several developmental steps, from a dividing progenitor to a mature granule cell that is indistinguishable from granule cells born during embryonic development.12 They develop granule cell morphology, then become functionally integrated into the local circuitry13 and have action potentials and functional synaptic inputs14 about 4 weeks after division.
Neurophysiological and molecular approaches to understanding the mechanisms of learning and memory
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2021
Shruthi Sateesh, Wickliffe C. Abraham
The two primary brain regions for which adult neurogenesis is well-known are the subventricular zone (SVZ) lining the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus. The SGZ neurogenesis of dentate granule cells has attracted significant attention given its positioning in the hippocampus, suggesting a possible role in the contextual and spatial learning and memory functions of this structure. Indeed, disruption of adult neurogenesis by a variety of means, genetic, pharmacological and x-ray irradiation has been shown to impair water maze learning and contextual fear conditioning, along with complex pattern discrimination (Saxe et al. 2006; Dupret et al. 2008; Clelland et al. 2009; Seo et al. 2015). Neurogenesis also acts to impair retention of recently learned information, a function that may reduce proactive interference of new learning (Akers et al. 2014). The contribution of a particular cohort of adult-born granule cells is particularly prominent during the 4–6 weeks after their genesis, when the granule cells are highly excitable and have a lower threshold for LTP compared to mature granule cells (Ge et al. 2007). However the excitability state of adult-born cell is not fixed upon maturity, as it can be enhanced by enriched environment exposure or LTP induction. This suggests that there may be a prolonged capability for plasticity and contribution to behaviour after their maturity, throughout adulthood (Ohline et al. 2018).