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Odor Detection
Published in Béla G. Lipták, Analytical Instrumentation, 2018
The human olfactory system actually involves more than the nose. As a stream of air is drawn in through the nostrils, it is warmed and filtered by passing over the three baffle-shaped turbinate bones in the upper part of the nose (Figure 37b). Some of the air swirls past the olfactory receptors located high up in the nasal passages just below the brain. These odor receptors consist of hairlike filaments attached to the end of the fibers of the olfactory nerve and the trigeminal nerve endings (Figure 37c). On being stimulated by odorous materials, these receptors send signals to the olfactory bulb, where they are relayed to higher centers of the brain. In these higher centers, the signals are integrated and interpreted in terms of the character and intensity of the odor.
Outdoor Air Pollution
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Healthy children and adult populations in Southwest Metropolitan Mexico City (SWMMC), an urban area characterized by significant daily concentrations of pollutants such as ozone, PM, and aldehydes, have shown extensive damage to the respiratory nasal epithelium.310–313 Children in SWMMC display ultrastructural evidence of deficiencies in nasal epithelial junction integrity, cytoplasmic deposition of PM, and altered mucociliary defense mechanisms.313 Canines living in SWMMC exhibit similar nasal respiratory lesions (Calderon-Garciduenas, unpublished observations), along with respiratory, bronchiolar, and myocardial pathology.314,315 A sustained pulmonary inflammatory process is clearly seen in exposed canines,315 and SWMC children show radiological and spirometric evidence of lung damage and CK imbalance.316 Hyper and impaired olfaction, hyposmia, or anosmia is important early changes in neurodegenerative diseases, including AD and PD,317–319 as well as in aging.320,321 All layers of the olfactory bulb are affected in aging and AD, and olfaction is impaired in the early stages of AD.318,322
Voltage-Sensitive Dye and Intrinsic Signal Optical Imaging
Published in Yu Chen, Babak Kateb, Neurophotonics and Brain Mapping, 2017
Vassiliy Tsytsarev, Reha S. Erzurumlu
In the olfactory system, spatiotemporal responses of the olfactory bulb to various odorants have been mapped in great detail. In contrast, far less is known about the activation of the nasally projecting trigeminal ganglion cells through volatile chemical stimuli. Application of different chemical stimuli to the nasal cavity elicited stimulus-specific, spatiotemporal activation patterns (Rothermel et al., 2011). Using VSDi it was shown that stimulus-specific patterns of the neural activity occur within the trigeminal ganglia upon nasal presentation of ten different odorants (Lubbert et al., 2013); moreover, the intensity of the fluorescence and the latencies were also dependent on the odorant (Lubbert et al., 2013). These results provide the first direct insights into the spatial representation of nasal chemosensory information within the trigeminal ganglion imaged at high temporal resolution.
Biological function simulation in neuromorphic devices: from synapse and neuron to behavior
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2023
Hui Chen, Huilin Li, Ting Ma, Shuangshuang Han, Qiuping Zhao
Nowadays, gas sensor is increasingly important in our life for gas monitoring, food quality and healthcare applications such as breath based early diagnosis of diseases [139–141]. With the development of artificial intelligence, more and more gas sensors are integrated with memristors/neuromorphic devices to simulate human olfactory system. Li et al. [142] used 2D covalent organic framework (COF) film to develop a gas artificial synapse that can identify the alcohol atmospheres. Inspired by camel noses, Huang et al. [143] developed a highly sensitive and ultradurable neuromorphic capacitive humidity sensor that exhibited a robust capability to discriminate moisture from other volatile compounds. In the biological olfactory sensing system (Figure 10(b-i)), when the gas is sucked up into the nose, the odorant stimulates the olfactory receptors so that the chemical reactions between them trigger electrical signals as an output. These electrical signals are then transmitted to the olfactory bulb through glomeruli. Mitral cells and interneurons in the olfactory bulb can preprocess and transmit the electrical signals into the brain olfactory cortex to identify the odor.
Deep learning-based image watermarking technique with hybrid DWT-SVD
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2023
R. Radha Kumari, V. Vijaya Kumar, K. Rama Naidu
This algorithm is inspired by the smelling ability of bears in finding the location of their prey or enemies. For instance, the sensing mechanism of bears can be applied to find one quality solution from a set of solutions, thereby minimizing the error. Predicting the odour quality from a set of odorant elements is generally difficult due to the impossibility of making interaction with odours. However, this can be easily achieved by following the sensing mechanism of bears. A significant part of this process is the olfactory bulb (sensing component) of bears. They have a higher olfactory bulb compared to other organisms giving them a great sense of smell [36]. The olfactory bulb sense odours and transfers the information to the brain via the olfactory tract. Apart from this, bears can move on the subsequent level by their resemblance values. The mathematical formulation of this algorithm is given as follows.
Design of peptide-PEG-Thiazole bound polypyrrole supramolecular assemblies for enhanced neuronal cell interactions
Published in Soft Materials, 2021
Sarah M. Broas, Ipsita A. Banerjee
Finally, polypyrrole an electrically conductive polymer was incorporated into the assemblies via layer-by-layer assembly.[44] When designing a scaffold for neural tissue engineering, conductive properties are advantageous. Electrical stimulation has been shown to regulate cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, protein production, and promote neurite extension.[45] Therefore, polypyrrole was incorporated on to the PEGthiazole-Lam assemblies. The scheme for formation of the assemblies and adhesion to cells is shown in Figure 1. Thus, we have developed a new PEGylated thiazole-Lam-Ppy-assemblies for potential applications in neural tissue engineering. The motivation for developing PEG-Thiazole-Lam-PPy-based nanoassemblies is to develop a unique biomaterial that encompasses the advantageous properties of PEG, Thiazole moiety and Laminin derived peptide along with polypyrole for building a scaffold for neural tissue engineering. The assemblies exhibited suitable mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and promoted cellular proliferation. Electrical stimulation of olfactory bulb-derived neuronal cells in the presence of the assemblies further enhanced neurite outgrowths and neural network formation and therefore may be used in neutral tissue regeneration.