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The Modern Magnetotherapies
Published in Andrew A. Marino, Modern Bioelectricity, 2020
Another kind of special tissue involves the periventricular structures and circumventricular organs; the latter include the pineal organ, subfornical organ, subcommissural organ, and the area postrema. These structures have poor blood brain barriers and are highly localized vascular, neuronal, and cerebrospinal interfaces. Electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray has been reported several times to be associated with pain relief; there is now corroborative evidence that such stimulation elevates beta-endorphins within the ventricular fluid (46), Whether or not fine-focused magnetic fields can accomplish this stimulation or if magnetoresponsive patients have a particular sensitivity of these brain structures remains to be established.
The interactions of diet-induced obesity and organophosphate flame retardant exposure on energy homeostasis in adult male and female mice
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Gwyndolin M. Vail, Sabrina N. Walley, Ali Yasrebi, Angela Maeng, Kristie M. Conde, Troy A. Roepke
Centrally, there are also many areas of the brain that control fluid balance including the PVH, supraoptic nucleus, median preoptic area, organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, and subfornical organ (Curtis 2009). Many of these nuclei express ERs and are involved in the control of fluid balance in response to E2 (Curtis 2009; Santollo and Daniels 2015a, 2015b; Santollo, Marshall, and Daniels 2013; Shughrue, Lane, and Merchenthaler 1997). In hormone replacement therapies, E2 produced a direct effect on water intake (Krause et al. 2003; Santollo, Marshall, and Daniels 2013), its actions mediated in part through dampening of angiotensin II (AngII) signaling (Danielsen and Buggy 1980; Findlay, Fitzsimons, and Kucharczyk 1979; Jonklaas and Buggy 1984; Kisley et al. 1999). Potentially, OPFRs interfere with this estrogen-sensitive balance leading to changes in fluid intake. However, like any homeostatic function, thirst is regulated through a multitude of pathways, allowing for alternate avenues of OPFR actions. Thirst is closely related to energy homeostasis, and the powerful “hunger” hormone ghrelin is also known to exert effects on fluid intake, reducing water consumption by inhibiting Ang II (Hashimoto et al. 2010; Mietlicki, Nowak, and Daniels 2009; Plyler and Daniels 2017), which as previously indicated, is also under the influence of E2. Conversely, intracerebroventricular infusions of Ang II diminishes food intake and enhances energy expenditure, establishing an Ang II link between food and fluid intake mediated by ghrelin (Porter and Potratz 2004). In our current study, OPFR decreased circulating ghrelin in male mice on LFD, supporting a ghrelin-mediated hypothesis for the dipsogenic effect of OPFR on male mice. Finally, somatostatin, produced both centrally in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, and peripherally by delta cells in the digestive system, is involved in thirst generation and may be a target for OPFR dysregulation. Central action of somatostatin increases food and water intake (Karasawa et al. 2014; Stengel et al. 2010), and was shown to be altered by exposure to bisphenol A, another well-known estrogenic EDC (Facciolo et al. 2002, 2005). Taken together, these data offer a precedented route for OPFR EDC action on fluid regulation.