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Pleural disease induced by drugs
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Spontaneous pneumomediastinum most likely results from rupture of alveoli following a sudden increased bronchovascular pressure gradient. It is commonly associated with increased alveolar pressure during mechanical inhalation and exaggerated Valsalva manoeuvres occurring with emesis, coughing and parturition. It may also occur when there is decreased pulmonary interstitial pressure, as can occur with bronchiolitis. The increased bronchoalveolar pressure gradient promotes alveolar gas dissection along the perivascular sheaths into the mediastinum. The mediastinal air follows the path of least resistance, frequently into the neck along the contiguous layers of the cervical fascia, preventing tamponade and resulting in subcutaneous emphysema. If the mediastinal pressure increases to a critical level, a pneumothorax can develop.
Review on Imaging Features for COVID-19
Published in S. Prabha, P. Karthikeyan, K. Kamalanand, N. Selvaganesan, Computational Modelling and Imaging for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, 2021
CXR abnormalities with bilateral lower zone peripherally-predominant consolidation and hazy opacities are shown Figure 2.6 (https://github.com/ieee8023/covid-chestxray-dataset, https://aimi.stanford.edu/research/public-datasets). Serial portable CXR helps treatment team members and radiologists monitor disease progression within the lungs. In addition, tubes, lines, and complicated processes including subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, and pneumothorax have been assessed.
A review of wound dressing materials and its fabrication methods: emphasis on three-dimensional printed dressings
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2022
S. Pravin Kumar, Yuvasri Asokan, Keerthana Balamurugan, B. Harsha
Most common internal wounds are caused by withstanding blunt force which would result in haemorrhage, large bruises, fractures, and damage to the nerves or organs. The most commonly affected parts include the abdomen, ribs, and head. Abdominal blunt trauma mostly affects the small intestine and the colon, resulting in haematoma, ischaemia, and seromuscular tear. In case of blunt trauma to the chest, the ribs and the soft tissues present in the thoracic cavity are most affected, which can lead to chest pain, shortness of breath, subcutaneous emphysema, etc. The occurrence of flail chest can lead to respiratory problems, which may lead to damaged heart vessels [7,8]. Blunt trauma to the head can result in post-traumatic changes related to the evolution of the neurological process and can reduce cognitive function and other neurological aspects. This can have a significant impact on day-to-day tasks.
Recent advancements in the minimally invasive management of esophageal perforation, leaks, and fistulae
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Shirin Siddiqi, Dean P. Schraufnagel, Hafiz Umair Siddiqui, Michael J. Javorski, Adam Mace, Abdulrhman S. Elnaggar, Haytham Elgharably, Patrick R. Vargo, Robert Steffen, Saad M. Hasan, Siva Raja
Factors that influence the incidence of esophageal anastomotic leak include ischemia, the type of anastomosis, location of anastomosis (cervical or intrathoracic), anastomotic technique (hand sewn, stapled or hybrid), type of conduit (stomach, colon or small intestine) and location of the conduit (orthotopic versus heterotopic) [2–4]. Advance age, male gender, emergency surgery, history of smoking or alcohol abuse, obesity, diabetes, renal dysfunction, and cardiovascular disease increase the risk of anastomotic leaks [72]. The clinical presentation can vary from local wound infection, neck or chest pain, vomiting, pneumothorax or subcutaneous emphysema to empyema, mediastinitis, peritonitis or septicemia [11].
Device profile of the Zephyr endobronchial valve in heterogenous emphysema: overview of its safety and efficacy
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Steven R. Verga, Gerard J. Criner
Of the patients who were randomized to the EBV group distribution of treated lobes were: 66.4% left upper lobe, 11.7% left lower lobe, 6.3% right upper and middle lobe and 4.7% right lower lobe. There were 16 patients (12.5%) that had incomplete lobar collapse who were considered for valve adjustment, of which 11 underwent valve adjustment (8.6%). There were 54 secondary procedures of which 28 were for valve removal and/or replacement related to adverse events which included: 12 PTX, 2 worsening dyspnea, 1 respiratory failure, 1 subcutaneous emphysema and 1 valve migration. There was a total of 8 patients (6.3%) who had valves removed prior to 12 months study period [15].