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Ecological and Health Implications of Heavy Metals Contamination in the Environment and Their Bioremediation Approaches
Published in Ram Naresh Bharagava, Sandhya Mishra, Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira, Bioremediation, 2022
Methylmercury (MeHg) is an organic form of mercury and is neurotoxic in nature. Methylmercury accumulates in food chain and reaches higher concentration by biomagnification. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified methylmercury as ‘possibly carcinogenic to humans’ (Group 2B). Methylmercury’s toxicity was highlighted in the 1950s in Minamata (Japan) when wastes from the chemical factory were discharged into the local bay (Yokoyama 2018). Mercury can cause mental retardation, urological defects, hearing loss, developmental defects, blindness, dysarthria and even death. Mercury causes fetotoxicity by low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, miscarriage and stillbirth. Mercury can easily cross the placental barrier and inhibit the development of foetal brain, resulting in psychomotor retardation and cerebral palsy. Children are more sensitive to MeHg, and exposure during pregnancy period can lead to delay in development, low IQ (intelligence quotient) and ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) (WHO 2011).
Environmental Protection
Published in Lawrence S. Chan, William C. Tang, Engineering-Medicine, 2019
For adults, the usual symptoms are the followings (MAYO 2018): Neurological: difficulties in memory and concentration, headache, mood disorders.Gastrointestinal: abdominal pain.Male Reproductive: reduced and abnormal sperm production.Female Reproductive: miscarriage, stillbirth.Cardiovascular: high blood pressure.Musculoskeletal: joint and muscle pain.
Chlorphenoxy Compounds
Published in Fina P. Kaloyanova, Mostafa A. El Batawi, Human Toxicology of Pesticides, 2019
Fina P. Kaloyanova, Mostafa A. El Batawi
Constable and Hatch reviewed the unpublished Vietnamese epidemiological studies on the reproductive effects of 2,4,5-T (Agent Orange).32 Two types of studies were carried out in Vietnam: (1) studies comparing the reproductive outcomes among couples living in sprayed areas (South) with those among couples living in unsprayed areas and (2) studies comparing the reproductive outcomes among women and men living in the North and exposed women whose husbands served in the South. The following outcomes have been examined: miscarriage, stillbirth, congenital defects, and hidatidiform mole or molar pregnancy.
Safety and quality in maternal and neonatal care: the introduction of the modified WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist
Published in Ergonomics, 2018
Sara Albolino, Giulia Dagliana, Dariana Illiano, Michela Tanzini, Francesco Ranzani, Tommaso Bellandi, Ismaele Fusco, Irene Bellini, Giulia Carreras, Mariarosaria Di Tommaso, Riccardo Tartaglia
According to a recent study (WHO 2015), the Global Maternal Mortality Rate has fallen globally from the 1990 level of 385 to the 2015 level of 216. This translates to a decrease of over 43% in the estimated annual number of maternal deaths, from 532,000 in 1990 to 303,000 in 2015. In developed regions1, the maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) decrease from 23 in 1990 to 12 in 2015, and the number of maternal death from 3500 to 1700. In developing countries, the maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) was 430 in 1990 and 239 in 2015, while the number of maternal deaths was 539,000 in 1990 and 302,000 in 2015 (WHO 2015). In developed regions, the main direct cause of maternal death is hemorrhage (16, 3%), followed by embolism (13, 8%), hypertension (12, 9%), abortion (7, 5%), complication during delivery (5, 2%) and sepsis (4, 7%). Most of the death due to haemorrhage occurs during post-partum period (8%) followed by antepartum (4, 8%) and intrapartum (3,5%) (Say et al. 2014). Effective prevention and management of conditions in late pregnancy, childbirth and the early new-born period are likely to reduce the numbers of maternal deaths, antepartum- and intrapartum-related stillbirths and early neonatal deaths significantly. Therefore, improvement of the quality of preventive and curative care during this critical period could have the greatest impact on maternal, fetal and new-born survival. The following thematic areas are some of those considered high priorities for evidence-based practices in routine and emergency care: routine care during childbirth, including monitoring of labour and new-born care at birth; management of pre-eclampsia, eclampsia and its complications; management of difficult labour with safe, appropriate medical techniques; management of post-partum haemorrhage and management of maternal and new-born infections (WHO 2016).
Adverse neonatal outcomes in relation to ambient temperatures at birth: A nationwide survey in Taiwan
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2018
Yi-Hao Weng, Chun-Yuh Yang, Ya-Wen Chiu
Adverse neonatal outcomes were measured as the following 4 outcomes: stillbirth, preterm birth, neonatal death, and low birth weight. Stillbirth was defined as death of a fetus at 20 or more weeks of gestation. Neonatal death was defined as death within 30 days of birth. Preterm birth referred to a birth before 37 complete weeks of gestation. Low birth weight was defined as a birth weight < 2,500 g.
Residential proximity to roadways and placental-associated stillbirth: a case–control study
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Lindsey Butler, Lisa Gallagher, Michael Winter, M. Patricia Fabian, Amelia Wesselink, Ann Aschengrau
Few risk factors for stillbirth have been identified, including maternal smoking, advanced age, obesity, inadequate prenatal care, and low education (Fretts 2005; Yakoob et al. 2010; Goldenberg et al. 2011). Like many other health outcomes in the United States, racial disparities exist as non-Hispanic black women are two times more likely to experience a stillbirth compared to non-Hispanic white women (ECW et al. 2014).