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Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
The joints of the rib cage are essential for rib cage motions for breathing and coughing. Costovertebral joints are located posteriorly, and there are two kinds of rib joints in the anterior rib cage (Figure 4.10). The junction between the cartilage of the rib and the sternum is called a sternocostal joint or chondrosternal joint. The first sternocostal joint, between the first rib and the manubrium is not mobile (a synchondrosis joint). The other anterior rib cage joints are movable. The sternocostal joints for ribs 2–7 are synovial plane joints. The junction between the sternal end of each bony rib section and the cartilage connecting the rib to the sternum, directly or indirectly, is called a costochondral joint.
Specific prime movers’ excitation during free-weight bench press variations and chest press machine in competitive bodybuilders
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
Giuseppe Coratella, Gianpaolo Tornatore, Stefano Longo, Fabio Esposito, Emiliano Cè
The sEMG electrodes for pectoralis major were placed on the midclavicular line, midway between the acromioclavicular joint of the shoulder for the clavicular head (Trebs et al., 2010). For the sternocostal head, the electrodes were placed on the sternoclavicular joint of the sternum, over the second and fifth intercostals spaces (Trebs et al., 2010). The sEMG electrode for the anterior deltoid was placed over the mid-belly of the muscle approximately 4 cm below the clavicle (Lauver et al., 2016). The lateral deltoid had 2 electrodes placed on the lateral aspect of the deltoid, 3 cm below the acromion process (Schick et al., 2010). The sEMG electrode for the long head of triceps brachii was placed over the mid-belly of the long head midway between the acromion process of the scapula and the olecranon process of the ulna (Saeterbakken & Fimland, 2013). A ground electrode was placed on the seventh cervical spinous process.
Influence of different attentional focus on EMG amplitude and contraction duration during the bench press at different speeds
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Joaquin Calatayud, Jonas Vinstrup, Markus D. Jakobsen, Emil Sundstrup, Juan Carlos Colado, Lars L. Andersen
The protocol started with the preparation of participants’ skin, followed by electrode placement and exercise performance. Hair was removed with a razor from the skin overlying the muscles of interest, and the skin was then cleaned by rubbing with cotton wool dipped in scrubbing gel (Acqua gel, Meditec, Parma, Italy) to reduce impedance (Vinstrup et al., 2015). Afterwards, electrodes were placed according to recommendations of Criswell and Cram (Criswell & Cram, 2011) on the following muscles: the lateral head of the triceps, long head of the triceps, clavicular portion of the pectoralis major and sternocostal portion of the pectoralis major. Additional electrodes were placed two cm apart from the sternum in the clavicular portion of the pectoralis major and two cm apart from the sternum the sternocostal portion of the pectoralis major. In addition, electrodes were placed on the muscle belly of the medial triceps brachii portion. Pre-gelled bipolar silver/silver chloride surface electrodes (Blue Sensor M-00-S, Medicotest, Olstykke, Denmark) were placed with an interelectrode distance of 2 cm. The reference electrode was placed approximately 10 cm away from each muscle, according to the manufacturer’s specifications. Once the electrodes were placed, participants performed one standard push-up on the floor in order to check signal saturation and quality. All signals were acquired at a sampling frequency of 1500 Hz, amplified and converted from analog to digital. All records of myoelectrical activity (in microvolts) were stored on a hard drive for later analysis.