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Spinal Cord and Reflexes
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The gray matter of the spinal cord also contains nuclei of second-order sensory neurons that give rise to ascending tracts. The spinothalamic tract has two components: the ventral, or anterior, spinothalamic tract, which carries signals of crude touch and firm pressure, and the lateral spinothalamic tract, which carries signals of pain and temperature. After entering the spinal cord, the first-order afferents ascend 1–2 vertebral levels before synapsing with the second-order neurons, which are the neurons of origin of the spinothalamic tract in the substantia gelatinosa or the nucleus proprius (Figure 11.2). The axons of the tract decussate to the other side of the spinal cord via the ventral white commissure (Figure 11.3) and ascend the spinal cord and the brainstem to terminate in the thalamic nuclei. The sensations transmitted by the spinothalamic tract call for action, such as scratching in response to an itch, or the withdrawal from a painful stimulus.
Homo Sapiens (“Us”): Strengths and Weaknesses
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
The spinothalamic tract consists of two pathways, namely anterior and lateral. The anterior spinothalamic tract carries information about crude touch and firm pressure. The lateral spinothalamic tract conveys pain and temperature. Similarly, the dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract conveys sensory information from the periphery to the conscious level at the brain’s cerebral cortex.
Homo Sapiens (“Us”): Strengths and Weaknesses
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Our Animal Connection, 2019
The spinothalamic tract consists of two pathways, namely anterior and lateral. The anterior spinothalamic tract carries information about crude touch and firm pressure. The lateral spinothalamic tract conveys pain and temperature. Similarly, the dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract conveys sensory information from the periphery to the conscious level at the brain’s cerebral cortex.
A proposed long-term thermal comfort scale
Published in Building Research & Information, 2021
Sormeh Sharifi, Wasim Saman, Alemu Alemu, John Boland
Both temperature and pain are felt through the skin and share common physiology (Krantz, 2012). Both have receptive fields that cover large areas of the skin with sensory receptors connected to free nerve endings (Krantz, 2012). Both receptors are categorized as somatic sensory nerves in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), which is outside the brain and spinal cord (Marieb & Hoehn, 2015) associated with conscious perceptions (Canavero & Vincenzo, 2013; Ebner & Kaas, 2015; Waldman, 2009). Two groups of somatic sensory nerves, thermoreceptors and nociceptors conduct the impulses of temperature and pain, respectively from the receptors to the Central Nervous System (CNS) (Cuevas, 2011; Hees & Gybels, 1981; Marieb & Hoehn, 2015; Ochoa & Torebjork, 1989; Waldman, 2009). Both types of impulses are transmitted to the tissue outside of the brain (Apkarian et al., 2005; Ebner & Kaas, 2015; Pribram, 2011) by lateral parts of the spinothalamic tract, which is an ascending pathway of the spinal cord (KENHUB, 2018; Krantz, 2012; Rea, 2015). Temperature and pain are processed for perception in different columns of the somatosensory cortex (Krantz, 2012; Oi et al., 2017). The final output is a perception of the senses. Due to the similarities of thermal perception and pain perception in terms of their receiving, transmitting portals and processing, it is rational to consider the currently accepted use of the long-term pain reporting method for reporting long-term thermal comfort perception.
Device profile of the Proclaim XR neurostimulation system for the treatment of chronic pain: an overview of its safety and efficacy
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Jonathan M. Hagedorn, Alyson M. Engle, Priyanka Ghosh, Timothy R. Deer
Additionally, burst stimulation has been proven to have supraspinal effects as well. Research has shown that burst SCS modulates the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) [12,13]. The ACC is involved in the affective and emotional components of pain. This aspect of pain follows the medial pathway via the lateral spinothalamic tract, which connects to the ACC [14]. Thus, by modulating the ACC, burst SCS likely has a direct effect on the emotional aspects of chronic pain.