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Intracellular Redox Status and Disease Development: An Overview of the Dynamics of Metabolic Orchestra
Published in Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Rout George Kerry, Abinash Dutta, Biotechnological Advances for Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Nanotechnology, 2022
Sharmi Mukherjee, Anindita Chakraborty
In ALS, oxidative stress induces mtDNA mutations, gliosis, and aggregation of mutant and wild-type SOD1. In 5% of cases, mutations in the SOD1 gene are associated with ALS development. Mutant SOD1 causes dysregulation of signaling molecules in motor neurons and regulates the activity of glial cells. Increased ROS levels from damaged motor neurons cause a hindrance to glutamate uptake into astrocytes, elevating extracellular glutamate levels, and excitotoxicity (Shichiri et al., 2014). ROS also activates glial cells leading to the release of further ROS/RNS and proinflammatory cytokines and inhibition of IGF-I/AKT neuroprotective pathway resulting in neurodegeneration (Liu et al., 2017; Radi et al., 2014). Redoxosomes are also known to regulate proinflammatory signals via NF-κB modulation (Li et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2017). Oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial alterations in the Purkinje cells characterize spinocerebellar ataxia (Liu et al., 2017; Stucki et al., 2016).
Application of Machine-Learning Techniques in Electroencephalography Signals
Published in Mridu Sahu, G. R. Sinha, Brain and Behavior Computing, 2021
Arun Sasidharan, Kusumika Krori Dutta
Despite regular improvement in guidelines and availability of training programs, visual scoring by an expert is extremely laborious and susceptible to subjective errors. Moreover, sleep scoring in patients with unusual sleeping patterns have additional challenges that are missed during visual scoring like transient cycle-level sleep oscillatory dynamics in patients with a psychiatric condition called schizophrenia [31] and the difficulty in determining REM sleep patterns in patients with a neurological condition called spinocerebellar ataxia [32]. In view of the gradual increase in sleep clinics around the world, several attempts have been made to automate the process using the several stereotype oscillatory features of EEG found during specific sleep stages. Within a PSG record, EEG pattern remains the single most important determinant of sleep stage. However, most of these fixed rule-based algorithms failed to distinguish instances of overlaps in EEG features, which can be trivial for the eyes of an expert.
Atomic Force Microscope for Topographic Studies
Published in Yuri L. Lyubchenko, An Introduction to Single Molecule Biophysics, 2017
Negative DNA supercoiling stabilizes such a state of DNA as a local duplex unwinding, which would be of very low probability in linear DNA molecules (Amirikyan et al. 1981). The importance of understanding the mechanism of DNA unwinding is supported by the fact that DNA replication and transcription are biologically important processes. The latter requires unwinding of DNA segments as large as ~20 bp (Zaychikov et al. 1995). AFM visualization of opened DNA segments was reported in Potaman et al. (2002, 2003). The repeat (ATTCT)29 was cloned into the plasmid, and the plasmid was imaged with AFM under conditions facilitating the local duplex opening. An example of such alternative DNA structures is shown in Figure 2.17b. Opened regions are indicated with arrows. Remarkably, this local DNA structure is dramatically different from H-DNA and the cruciforms. A strong kink, a characteristic feature of H-DNA, is not present in bulged DNA. A stable existence of unpaired regions in DNA at the torsional stress corresponding to the DNA supercoiling in vivo prompted Potaman et al. (2002, 2003) to suggest that unpaired DNA regions are critically involved in the initiation of DNA replication. The sequence studied in that paper was a pentanucleotide repeat expansion associated with spinocerebellar ataxia disease. The finding on the stable existence of such repeats in DNA led to the model of the disease-prone expansion of ATTCT pentanucleotide motif (Potaman et al. 2002, 2003).
Trends in research participant categories and descriptions in abstracts from the International BCI Meeting series, 1999 to 2016
Published in Brain-Computer Interfaces, 2019
Brandon S. Eddy, Sean C. Garrett, Sneha Rajen, Betts Peters, Jack Wiedrick, Deirdre McLaughlin, Abigail O’Connor, Ashley Renda, Jane E. Huggins, Melanie Fried-Oken
Results of this study suggest BCI was applied to a greater variety of impairment areas across Meetings. This finding is complemented by the observation of an increase in applications to a variety of disabilities (e.g. locked-in syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, primary lateral sclerosis, hemi- and tetraplegia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, traumatic brain injury, stroke, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, progressive supranuclear palsy, spinocerebellar ataxia, spinal muscular atrophy). These findings may be explained by the increase in the number of studies across BCI Meetings and increased diversity of professions within the BCI field, including the integration of rehabilitation medical professionals into BCI research teams. The number of research groups in BCI has grown from 22 research labs at the 1999 BCI Meeting to 188 labs at the 2016 meeting [7]. It is likely that the number of research teams as well as the diversity of professions have contributed to BCI being tested with a greater variety of PWD.