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Antarctic Marine Biodiversity: Adaptations, Environments and Responses to Change
Published in S. J. Hawkins, A. J. Evans, A. C. Dale, L. B. Firth, I. P. Smith, Oceanography and Marine Biology, 2018
Metabolic rates of animals rise after consuming food. They stay high for a period and then return to pre-feeding levels. The postprandial rise and fall of metabolism is called the specific dynamic action of feeding (SDA) or the heat increment of feeding (HIF). This phenomenon has been known since the first half of the twentieth century when it was identified in domesticated animals (Brody 1945). The rise in metabolism is usually assessed via oxygen consumption, which in fully aerobic conditions is a proxy for proximate energy use and comprises the total costs of processing food (handling and digestion) and a variety of postabsorptive processes. These include the breakdown and synthesis of proteins, transport of absorbed materials, storage and growth (Peck 1998, Secor 2009, Khan et al. 2015). Studies manipulating diets with materials that are not absorbed, such as cellulose, indicated that only 5%–30% of the SDA is used in handling food and digestion (Tandler & Beamish 1979, Carefoot 1990), and some studies showed food handling accounted for less than 3% of the metabolic rise (Cho & Slinger 1979). Other studies further showed protein synthesis can form a large part of the SDA (e.g. Houlihan et al. 1995). Furthermore, studies injecting amino acids into animals showed that an SDA was produced of similar size to a meal with the same amino acid content (Brown & Cameron 1991, Peck 1998). This also suggests the major components of the SDA are post absorptive. The conclusion from all of these studies is that in most cold-blooded species the largest portion of the rise in metabolism after feeding is in postabsorptive processes, mainly in protein turnover.
Seasonal variation in physicochemical parameters and suitability for various uses of Bouli pond water, Jharkhand
Published in Water Science, 2022
Prasanjit Mukherjee, Peeyush Kumar, Shashi Kumar Gupta, Rahul Kumar
Dissolved oxygen (D.O) in water is one of the most significant characteristics in aquaculture, along with temperature and pH. Since oxygen (O2) has a direct impact on feed intake, disease resistance, and metabolism, maintaining adequate D.O levels in the water is crucial for optimal production of fish (Begum, Mondal, Ferdous, Zafar, & Ali, 2014). A sub-optimal level was very traumatic for fish and shrimp (Qian et al., 2012), therefore, essential to keep D.O at optimum levels of above 4.0 ppm. In the present investigation, D.O was recorded as adequate (above 4.0) which is suitable for fish culture as a similar study reported in Panchobh village, Darbhanga district (Rani, 2019). Aquatic plants and microscopic algae (phytoplankton) were the principal oxygen producers in ponds. Temperatures were high during the premonsoon season (May), allowing plants to synthesize oxygen through photosynthesis and release it into the pond’s water. Because of phytoplankton photosynthesis and respiration, the dynamic oxygen cycle of ponds has a higher D.O during the day (Baxa et al., 2021). As a result of increased energy expenditure when feeding fish and shrimp, the oxygen demand increases (also known as specific dynamic action) (McGaw & Whiteley, 2012).
The effects of acute carbohydrate and caffeine feeding strategies on cycling efficiency
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Matthew Cole, James G. Hopker, Jonathan D. Wiles, Damian A. Coleman
The findings of this study are in agreement with several others which, although they did not report efficiency directly, permit efficiency determination from the data presented (Coggan & Coyle, 1989; Dumke et al., 2007; Febbraio et al., 1996; Fletcher & Bishop, 2011; Ivy et al., 1983; Jenkins et al., 2008; McConell et al., 1996; Neufer et al., 1987; Nikolopoulos et al., 2004; Schubert et al., 2014). All of the reported studies demonstrate a trend for either a decrease in efficiency or increase in energy expenditure following ingestion of carbohydrate and/or caffeine. These observations may be attributed to increased energy expenditure as a result of digestion, absorption and the associated thermal losses (Jeq́uier, 1986). The accumulated energy expenditure of these processes has been defined as specific dynamic action (SDA) (Secor, 2009). Interestingly, mean GE in the CAF + CHO was not significantly lower than the water-only condition, either across the whole exercise duration or at any given time point. This might suggest that when ingested in combination, caffeine may augment the carbohydrate uptake (Yeo et al., 2005) and thus the energy losses of digestion and absorption were not as great relative to the other conditions.