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Perception, Planning, and Scoping, Problem Formulation, and Hazard Identification
Published in Ted W. Simon, Environmental Risk Assessment, 2019
The 1997 Presidential/Congressional Commission Report on Risk Assessment and Risk Management mentioned but did not discuss hazard identification.18 This report was focused on the interface between risk assessment and risk management. The report notes that hazard is an intrinsic property of a substance or a situation, and gives some useful examples. The report indicates benzene does not cause lung cancer, but can cause leukemia. A garter snake bite may be harmless, but a rattlesnake bite can kill if untreated. Hence, an unidentified snake should be considered a potential but uncharacterized hazard.
Lipidomic profiling of the Brazilian yellow scorpion venom: new insights into inflammatory responses following Tityus serrulatus envenomation
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Tanize Acunha, Bruno Alves Rocha, Viviani Nardini, Fernando Barbosa Jr, Lúcia Helena Faccioli
Recently Acunha, Nardini, and Faccioli (2021) provided the first lipidomic profile obtained from the South American snake species. Phosphatidylcholines, Lyso-PCs, phosphatidylethanolamines, Lyso-PE, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, ceramides, and sphingomyelin were the main classes of lipid compounds identified. It was postulated that snake envenomation triggered release of these identified lipids as well as other bioactive compounds such as platelet-activating factor (PAF) precursor, PAF-like molecules, plasmalogens, ceramides, and sphingomyelins with long fatty acid chain lengths which resulted in the observed inflammatory responses (Saidoune-Malek, Ait-Lounis, and Laraba-Djebari 2018; Zoccal et al. 2019). Based upon these observations a new strategy to a better understand the pathology elicited by snakebite envenomation and the complex mechanisms underlying scorpion sting envenomation investigations were (1) undertaken to profile lipids and derivatives and (2) determine the role of these constituents in these pathological processes (Acunha, Nardini, and Faccioli 2021; Bolt 2021).
Bioactive (+)-Catechin-3ꞌ-O-rhamnopyranoside from Neocarya macrophylla (Sabine) Prance (Chrysobalanaceae)
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2019
Yusuf A. J., Abdullahi M. I., Musa A. M., Haruna A. K., Mzozoyana V., Abubakar H.
Snakebite envenomation is a major public health problem especially in the rural areas of the savannah region of West Africa notably Nigeria, Ghana among others; the African cobras (Naja spp) is one of the major venomous snakes frequently causing envenomation in the northern part of Nigeria [7]. Cobra bites is accompanied by sharp pain (which spread within few minutes), blisters, necrosis, tenderness, inflammation, and severe bacterial infection to mention but few [47–48]. Several bioactive compounds have been evaluated for their antisnake venom [16,49] and other effects. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no report yet on the antivenom, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of (+)-ZCatechin-3ꞌ-O-rhamnopyranoside. In this study, the effect of compound 1 was evaluated on snakebite, pain, inflammation and microbial infection was investigated.