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Outdoor Emissions
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Thermal burns occurring in the upper airway are usually manifested within 48 hours of injury. Diagnosis is made by direct visualization of the upper airway, looking for signs of thermal injury. Admission for observation with humidified oxygen, attentive pulmonary toilet, bronchodilators as needed, and prophylactic endotracheal intubation as indicated are the mainstays of treatment. Resolution of the injury usually occurs within days. Carbon monoxide poisoning, the most common cause of death in inhalation injury is a result of combustion. Symptoms and signs correlate with blood levels, but arterial blood gases are used to determine the degree of carbon monoxide intoxication. Treatment is based on the principle that carbon monoxide dissociation occurs much faster if the patient is placed on 100% oxygen. The use of oxygen therapy 4.8 L/minute is often necessary for those who develop chemical sensitivity. Occasionally, the patient's symptoms may persist or get worse despite adequate treatment. Smoke inhalation significantly damages normal respiratory physiology, resulting in injury progressing from acute pulmonary insufficiency to pulmonary edema to bronchopneumonia, depending on the severity of exposure. Diagnosis is based on history, but clinical finds, arterial blood gases, and fiber-optic bronchoscopy are helpful; especially, PvO2 is useful to define the state of oxygen extraction. Treatment is supportive with careful attention paid to fluid resuscitation in the patient with burns.
Fire Hazards and Associated Terminology
Published in Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury, Flame Retardants for Textile Materials, 2020
Smoke inhalation is the primary cause of death in victims of indoor fires. The smoke kills by a combination of thermal damage, poisoning and lung irritation caused by carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and other combustion products.
Carob extract attenuates brain and lung injury in rats exposed to waterpipe smoke
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
Mona Abdel-Rahman, Amira A. Bauomy, Fatma Elzahraa H. Salem, Mona Ahmed Khalifa
Previous studies revealed that amiodarone is metabolized to an aryl radical that may give rise to other reactive oxygen species (ROS) [61,62] which cause endothelial injury leading to oedema, thrombosis and inflammation contributing to morbidity and mortality in acute lung injury [63]. The activation of macrophages and release of inflammatory and cytotoxic mediators drive amiodarone-induced lung fibrosis [64]. In vitro studies have shown that alveolar leucocytes and macrophages from cigarette smokers spontaneously increase the release of oxidants amounts such as O2− and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) compared with non-smokers [65]. Neutrophils sequestered in the pulmonary circulation following cigarette smoke inhalation in the rabbit [66]. Also, in hamsters; the cigarette smoke inhalation activates neutrophils, increasing their adhesion to the endothelium of both arterioles and venules which is mediated by superoxide anion [67]. Thus, by several mechanisms involving oxidants, cigarette smoke causes neutrophil sequestration in the pulmonary microcirculation [68].
Evaluation of the effectiveness of toe board energy-absorbing material for foot, ankle, and lower leg injury reduction
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2018
John P. Patalak, Joel D. Stitzel
For 2014, the NHTSA's National Center for Statistics and Analysis also listed an injury rate of 77 per 100 million VMT (NHTSA 2016). A review of MENCS driver medical records for 2014 returned 20 crash-related injuries. Documented injuries included general soreness reported on next-day follow-up, sprains, abrasions, contusions, and concussions. Of the 20 injuries, 10 were significant enough to include an Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score, with 9 scored a 1 and one scored a 2. Non-crash-related injuries such as foreign body in eye, dehydration, smoke inhalation, or burns were excluded. Multiple injuries to the same driver during the same incident were counted individually. This results in 2,583 injuries per 100 million VMT or a 34-fold increase from the NHTSA injury rate statistic.
Particulate matter emissions of different brands of mentholated cigarettes
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2018
Julia Gerharz, Michael H.K. Bendels, Markus Braun, Doris Klingelhöfer, David A. Groneberg, Ruth Mueller
This study showed that there is no concentration dependent effect of menthol on PM emission. No differences in the AUC or Cmean values between the reference menthol free cigarette and the mentholated cigarettes have been found. An exception is the Reyno Classic brand, although the menthol yield of Reyno Classic ranged in midfield. With all products being identical with regard to tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide composition, it remains unclear why Reyno Classic, which regarding the menthol concentration ranges in midfield, has 25–28% higher PM emissions. We assume, therefore, that other ingredients or manufacturing processes might influence the PM emission. In the literature, only a few results are reported with respect to the effect of additives on total particulate matter (TPM), with contradictory findings. Gaworski et al. (1997) analyzed the toxicity of cigarette smoke inhalation in an in vivo study with rats. They did not report a significant difference between TPM of the menthol free reference cigarette and that of the mentholated cigarette. Wasel et al. (2015) compared additive-free cigarettes with cigarettes including additives and did not show a significant difference with reference to PM. They assumed that the filter could influence the PM emissions. The smallest filter produces the highest amount of PM. A study on cigarette mainstream smoke of cigarettes with and without additives performed by Rustemeier et al. (2002) revealed contrasting results. In this study, 333 ingredients were added, which were matched to three groups. Each of the three cigarette types with additives showed an increase of 13–28% relative to the cigarette without additives. Wertz et al. (2011) reanalyzed tobacco industry documents and reported an increase of toxins, including PM, of cigarettes containing additives. Another study focused on tobacco moisture. The lowest contents of TPM were reported for the cigarettes with the highest level of humidity (Djulancic, Radojicic, and Srbinoska 2013). To sum up, it still remains unclear whether additives or manufacturing differences like filter length and tobacco moisture influence the PM emissions most. The distribution pattern of all investigated cigarettes was similar regardless of the menthol yield. The largest part is represented by particles larger than 0.25 µm and smaller than or equal to 1 µm. Similar results were published by Keith and Derrick in 1960, describing that the majority of particles has a size between 0.1 µm and 1 µm. These findings are alarming because smaller particles are more harmful to health (Li et al. 2016; Meng et al. 2013). Although PM1 is contained in PM2.5, which in turn is contained in PM10, according to EPA, it constitutes by far the most significant fraction in both. Therefore, it has been considered separately in accordance with De Marco et al. (2015), Mueller et al. (2011), and Protano et al. (2014).