China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Tissue Biomechanics
Published in Ronald L. Huston, Principles of Biomechanics, 2008
Goldsmith has conducted, documented, and provided an extensive study and reference of head and brain injury [13]. Even without brain injury, head injury may occur in the face, in the scalp, with skull fracture, and with bleeding (hematoma) beneath the scalp and skull. Scalp injury ranges from minor cuts and abrasions to deep lacerations and degloving. Skull fracture may range from hair-line cracks to major crushing. Brain injury may not occur with minor skull fracture. Hematoma can occur above or below the dura matter. Brain injury can occur with or without skull fracture. Brain injury can range from a simple concussion (temporary loss of consciousness) to a contusion (bruising), to diffuse axonal injury (DAI) (scattered microdamage to the tissue), to laceration of the brain tissue.
Traumatic Brain Injury and Aeromedical Licensing
Published in Anthony N. Nicholson, The Neurosciences and the Practice of Aviation Medicine, 2017
Linear skull fracture alone (simple, noncompound depressed fracture with no underlying contusion) was shown in the series by Annegers et al. (1998) to elevate the risk ratio (relative risk) for delayed seizures overall by 1.9 and 2. As mentioned, recent data has drawn attention to the impact of skull fracture as an isolated independent variable on epilepsy risk, with a statistically significant elevation of relative risk above 1.5 to 2.0 for up to ten years, although recent data suggests the annual risk is less than 1 per cent after six months. However, these data include an impracticably wide range of fracture severity and require careful interpretation where an applicant is otherwise well.
Designing for Head and Neck Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Awareness of long-term effects from concussion injuries in contact sports like football, hockey, soccer, and boxing is growing from grade school through pro sports (Marchi et al., 2013). Discussions and controversies about changing game rules to limit head injury are ongoing. At this time well-designed protective headgear is a must-wear part of the contact sports uniform. Protective headwear is equally important in leisure activities like bicycling, motorcycling, and snowmobiling. Helmets do help to prevent skull fractures and should be used for that purpose (McCrory et al., 2013).
Biomechanical investigation of astronaut's seat geometry to reduce neck and head injuries while landing impact
Published in International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2018
Javad Afshari, Mohammad Haghpanahi, Reza Kalantarinejad, Abel Rouboa
While landing, astronauts are exposed to impact forces from behind similar to those sustained during automobile backward impacts. Based on the research done by Bingkun et al. [23], the values of these impacts can be as high as 30 g at the time of critical landing. During the impact, the head may hit against hard objects leading to skull fracture, and the relative movement of the brain in the skull will cause brain injuries. Moreover, the relative motions between the head and chest can cause flexion–extension injuries in the neck as a result of impact acceleration. While other body parts are protected by airbags and safety belts, during severe impacts, the forces can be so large that injuries are still probable. At any rate, the research on manned spacecraft is still in its early stages. A number of key issues in this area are still unresolved; one of the most important of which is the evaluation of injury to astronauts. As such, in order to evaluate the safety of astronauts, injury evaluation methods have been used in the present paper.