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Ethical Aspects in Thermal Imaging Research
Published in U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer, Artificial Intelligence-Based Infrared Thermal Image Processing and Its Applications, 2023
U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer
The temperature of our bodies can reveal a great deal about our health. Different types of temperature measurements are inextricably linked, particularly when infrared thermal imaging is used to monitor human body temperature. The normal skin temperature is 33°C (91°F). The flow of energy to and from the skin determines the sensation of heat. Thermography is a technique for determining the distribution of heat. In medical imaging, thermography is used to determine the body’s surface temperature. Thermal pictures can be derived from a blackbody, an ideal object that absorbs electromagnetic radiation, i.e., light, and whose radiation absorption is proportional to its radiation emission. Because human skin has a high emissivity of 0.98 out of 1.0, it is possible to establish a link between temperature and light emitted by the skin. A skin temperature of approximately 33°C, or 306 K, emits light with a wavelength of 9.5 μm, referred to as long-wavelength infrared radiation. A rise in body temperature is a natural sign of disease.
Overview of the Most Significant Standards on Thermal Comfort
Published in Ivana Špelić, Alka Mihelić-Bogdanić, Anica Hursa Šajatović, Standard Methods for Thermal Comfort Assessment of Clothing, 2019
Ivana Špelić, Alka Mihelić-Bogdanić, Anica Hursa Šajatović
The measurements of mean skin temperature are performed at a different location on the body, because skin temperatures aren’t homogeneous at different parts of the body, using a temperature transducer with a precision of ±0.1 degree in a range from 298.15 to 313.15 K (25–40°C). This skin’s heterogeneity is primarily the consequence of the ambient conditions. One can measure the local skin temperature (tsk) measured at a specific point on the body surface, and the mean skin temperature on the entire surface of the body. The skin temperature is influenced by the thermal exchanges by conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation at the surface of the skin, the variations of skin blood flow and the temperature of the arterial blood reaching the particular part of the body.
Driver State
Published in Motoyuki Akamatsu, Handbook of Automotive Human Factors, 2019
Skin temperature is measured by having the subject attach a thermistor or thermocouple to the skin surface. Non-contact measurement is also possible by using an infrared camera (thermography). It is necessary to ensure that the measuring part is not exposed to direct sunlight or wind. The skin temperature increases when the skin blood flow increases, but this relationship is not linear. It is used for evaluating thermal comfort and estimating the warm/cold feeling. When peripheral sympathetic nerves are activated due to mental stress or emotion, and the blood vessels are constricted, the blood flow rate decreases with decrease in the peripheral skin temperature. In reverse, the temperature increases when relaxed or when the arousal level declines. A decrease of skin temperature caused by mental workload is observed notably at the nose. In order to reduce the influence of the environment temperature, the temperature difference between the nose and an area that is closely linked to changes in the body trunk, such as the forehead, can be used as an index. OR also causes a decrease of the peripheral skin temperature associated with blood vessel constriction, but it is not suitable to use this phenomenon for identifying the correspondence with events because the time constant is long. Temperature also decreases due to a large breath, such as a sigh, or smoking.
Vibrotactile sensitivity testing for occupational and disease-induce peripheral neuropathies
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2021
Procedures to perform the VPT test have been outlined in the International Standards Organization Standard (ISO) 13091–1 (International Standards Organization (ISO) 2001). Based upon the standard, subjects or patients should be allowed to acclimate to the test environment for approximately 30 min before performing the test. The testing room should be quiet with an ambient temperature between 20°C and 30°C. Skin temperature should also be between 27°C and 37°C. To perform this test, the hand, foot, or appendage of a subject or patient are supported on a platform, and a probe with a flat tip and a diameter of 4 ± 2.1 mm is placed flat against the skin of the regions to be tested, such that the probe makes a 0.8–1.5 mm indentation on the skin (referred to as Method A in the standard). Vibration at a specific frequency is then applied to the skin, and the amplitude is increased until the subject or patient reports that they detect the stimulus. The test may then be performed again at the same frequency. However, the amplitude of the stimulus is then gradually lowered until the subject reports they no longer feel the vibration. This procedure is followed for each frequency tested, and the responses for each frequency are assessed over a number of trials. The amplitude at which there is at least a 50% positive response is recorded as the threshold for that specific frequency.
Real-time technique for conversion of skin temperature into skin blood flow: human skin as a low-pass filter for thermal waves
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
Andrey Sagaidachnyi, Andrey Fomin, Dmitry Usanov, Anatoly Skripal
Presently, imaging and analyses of skin temperature variability are successfully used during monitoring of treatment of widespread diseases such as diabetes mellitus, Raynaud syndrome, and burn injuries. (Renkielska et al. 2006; Ring 2010; Szentkuti et al. 2011; Smirnova et al. 2013; Podtaev et al. 2015; Fuchs et al. 2017). Significant diagnostic potential of the analyses of skin temperature variability is explained by the skin’s close relationship with the dynamics of blood flow (BF) (Love 1980; Sagaidachnyi, Skripal, et al. 2014; Frick et al. 2015). The quantification of blood flow oscillations in turn are successfully used to detect vascular tone abnormalities (Urbancic-Rovan et al. 2004; Krupatkin 2005, 2018, Dremin et al. 2017; Kvandal et al. 2006). It is known that the blood flow in vessels oscillates within wide frequency range (0.005–2 Hz) which divides into the sub-ranges corresponding to different mechanism of hemodynamic control: 0.005–0.02 Hz in endothelial interval, 0.02–0.052 Hz in neurogenic interval, 0.052–0.145 Hz in myogenic interval, 0.145–0.6 Hz in respiration interval and 0.6–1.6 Hz in heart-beat interval (Urbancic-Rovan et al. 2004) .
Wearable sensors to improve detection of patient deterioration
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Meera Joshi, Hutan Ashrafian, Lisa Aufegger, Sadia Khan, Sonal Arora, Graham Cooke, Ara Darzi
The Bio-HarnessTM has been used predominantly for commercial purpose, it has been tested in fields such as sport and the military [32]. The sensor can measure HR, HR Variability, RR, temperature, posture and accelerometry data. HR is captured through electrode sensors within the chest strap and reported as beats per minute [62]. RR is measured using a capacitive pressure sensor that detects expansion and contraction of the torso and gives an output of breaths per minute [62]. Triaxial accelerometry uses piezoelectric technology and reports 1Hz per second [62]. There is also a microelectromechanical sensor accelerometer with a capacitive measurement scheme and is sensitive along three orthogonal axes (vertical, sagittal and lateral) [62]. The skin temperature is measured using an infrared sensor through a clear window at the apex of the device [62]. These parameters were tested using a repeated, discontinuous incremental treadmill protocol [62]. The coefficient of variation was low for HR, accelerometery, posture and skin temperature [62]. RR was less reliable [62]. This is a wearable sensor with an elasticated belt that is typically worn around the chest [32]. The sensor is non-disposable with a battery life of 24 h. The data are transmitted via ECHO or Bluetooth to a centralized display. The sensor is both FA approved and CE marked. There are currently no research papers with the use of the sensor on the wards for continuous monitoring.