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The Risks of Silver Nanoparticles to the Human Body
Published in Huiliang Cao, Silver Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Devices, 2017
Krzysztof Siemianowicz, Wirginia Likus
Nanosilver is often used for treatment of burns, wounds and ulcers. It may be a component of ointments, creams, solutions or an impregnate of a medical dressing. Although these medicines and materials are intended to be used topically to prevent infections, damaged skin makes the penetration of nanosilver into the body easier. The chemical compounds can penetrate the skin in four ways: intracellular, transcellular and two transappendageal – through sweat glands and through hair follicles. It depends on the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles. Skin absorption depends on many factors, which can be roughly classified into two major groups – based on the condition of the skin and based on external factors. Anatomical localisation results in healthy skin to have various epidermis thicknesses and different skin barrier integrity. The presence of wounds, scratches, burns and skin diseases, such as allergic or irritant contact dermatitis, atopic eczema and psoriasis, affects the skin condition and function. External factors include a contaminated skin surface, irritant detergent and chemicals, mechanical flexion and exposure to physical stimuli such as heat, infrared or ultraviolet radiation. All these factors can increase the dermal uptake of nanosilver (Siemianowicz et al. 2015).
Fractal Dimension of Skin Lesions
Published in Dinesh K. Kumar, Sridhar P. Arjunan, Behzad Aliahmad, Fractals, 2017
Dinesh K. Kumar, Sridhar P. Arjunan, Behzad Aliahmad
The first step in the treatment process is to diagnose and detect the skin lesion. Visually examining the skin is the most common method of observation, whereas clinicians would also observe the skin condition in terms of texture, and changes to pigmentation. There are then a range of in-vitro biochemical and spectral based pathological tests, and in-vivo imaging tests such as ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Recent studies have also determined the changes in the electromagnetic properties of the skin with disease and the relationship of electromagnetic conductivity with the depth of the skin.
Extracting the elasticity of the human skin in microscale and in-vivo from atomic force microscopy experiments using viscoelastic models
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Sahba Iravanimanesh, Mohammad Ali Nazari, Fereshteh Jafarbeglou, Mohammad Mahjoob, Mojtaba Azadi
This study has several limitations. In this study four human subjects were used to check the feasibility and identify the right model. Future studies using more subjects from healthy and patient populations at different age range will lead to findings relevant to specific skin condition or disease. In this study sharp conical AFM tips were implemented. Due to the sharpness, the maximum amount of indentation depth was kept small (∼ 4 µm) to avoid violating the contact theory. In addition, the AFM used in this study had a limited vertical motion range of 20 µm which made the in-vivo experiments extremely difficult to conduct. These two later limitations prevented this research from investigating the mechanical properties of the deeper layers of the skin such as dermis and hypodermis. In the future studies, the spherical indenters with diameters about 10 to 25 µm will be utilized to study the elastic, viscoelastic, and possible properties of the deeper layers of skin including dermis and hypo dermis. Other viscoelastic modeling such as non-linear (Yousefi et al. 2018) and quasi-linear (Miller and Chinzei 2002) viscoelastic models as well as poroelastic (i.e., bi-phasic) models (Wahlsten et al. 2019) will be used to improve the model predictions for more challenging skin diseases and disorders such as scleroderma, morphea, radio dermatitis, elastolysis.
A comprehensive summary of disease variants implicated in metal allergy
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin condition comprised of two major disease subsets that are mediated by distinctive immunological mechanisms. In cases of irritant contact dermatitis, dermal contact with skin irritants triggers the emergence of localized, nonspecific skin inflammation that becomes evident shortly after exposure (min to hr) (Tan, Rasool, and Johnston 2014). Cobalt is the metal most commonly implicated in this variant of dermatitis (Turčić, Marinović-Kulišić, and Lipozenčić 2013). Comparatively, ACD involves the elicitation of adaptive immune-mediated, antigen-specific skin inflammation at the site of exposure and represents the primary dermatitis subset of interest in the context of metal allergy.
Occupational skin disease in mining: an Australian case series
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2021
Kate Dear, Ryan Toholka, Rosemary Nixon
All affected workers described exacerbation of their skin in the work environment, where there was exposure to dust, reacted alumina, fumes and heat. They described worsening when they were working on top of the cell lines, where conditions were hotter with more exposure to dust and fumes. Examination findings were consistent with an eczematous eruption, most commonly on the arms, chin, chest and thighs. Patch testing to their wool viscose clothing, reactivated alumina, pot room residue dust and primary alumina failed to reveal an allergy in any of the affected workers. All five were diagnosed with ICD as the cause of their skin condition.