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Basic Molecular Cloning of DNA and RNA
Published in Jay L. Nadeau, Introduction to Experimental Biophysics, 2017
Polymerases make mistakes, inserting the wrong base pair (a transition if it substitutes a purine for a purine or a pyrimidine for a pyrimidine, a transversion if it substitutes a purine for a pyrimidine or vice versa); failing to insert one or more base pairs (a deletion); or inserting one or more extra base pairs (an insertion). All of these are called mutations, and the mutation rate varies among polymerases: from about 4 × 10−7 errors per base pair per cycle for high-fidelity polymerases, to 2 × 10−5 per base pair per cycle for typical commercial Taq polymerase, to 5 × 10−3 per base pair per cycle for error-prone polymerase. Because of the degeneracy of the amino acid code, a single nucleotide error, called a point mutation, may not change the resulting protein; this is a silent mutation. If a different amino acid is substituted, it is called a missense mutation. These may change the protein’s function very little or tremendously, depending upon the location and the degree of change. The insertion of a stop codon leads to a truncated protein and is called a nonsense mutation (Figure 2.16). The insertion or deletion of 1 or 2 base pairs leads to a frameshift mutation, changing the encoding of all of the amino acids downstream of the error.
Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Silent mutations are DNA mutations that do not significantly alter the phenotype of the organism in which they occur. Silent mutations can occur in non-coding regions (outside of genes within introns), or they may occur within exons. When they occur within exons they either do not result in a change to the amino acid sequence of a protein (i.e., a synonymous substitution), or result in the insertion of an alternative amino acid with similar properties to that of the original amino acid, and in either case there is no significant change in phenotype.
Principles of Biology
Published in Arthur T. Johnson, Biology for Engineers, 2019
The ways in which genes affect the organism is highly nuanced and more complex than once thought. Mutations in noncoding genes were once thought to have no effect on the organism because they do not directly result in protein formation. These so-called “silent mutations,” however, have effects that can be felt in health and disease (Chamary and Hurst, 2009).
Presenting the several-release-problem and its cluster-based solution accelartion
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2019
Ran Etgar, Roy Gelbard, Yuval Cohen
The vector is the representation that enables the three metaheuristic methods. Thus can be seen as the ‘genotype’ that is transformed to the final schedule. This analogy is enhanced by the observation that several different ’s are transformed for the same schedule. This is typical of synonymous (or silent) mutations (Palagano et al. 2017) that often occur in nature.