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Effect of Process Parameters on Cutting Forces and Osteonecrosis for Orthopedic Bone Drilling Applications
Published in Chander Prakash, Sunpreet Singh, J. Paulo Davim, Characterization, Testing, Measurement, and Metrology, 2020
Atul Babbar, Vivek Jain, Dheeraj Gupta, Chander Prakash, Sunpreet Singh, Ankit Sharma
Bones are classified based on their shapes, which are given as follows: Long bones: There length-to-width ratio is very high. It consists of mid diaphysis at the centre and epiphysis at both ends of the bone. This bone facilitates in supporting weight and helps in body movements. Femur and tibia are examples of a long bone.Short bones: These are nearly box-shaped with a thin layer of compact bone surrounding a spongy internal structure. There is an absence of medullary cavity with a very low length-to-width ratio. Wrist and ankle bones are examples of short bones.Flat bones: These are curved and thinner in shape. A layer of spongy bone is sandwiched in between two parallel layers of compact bones. Breastbone and most of the skull parts are flat bones.Sesamoid bones: Tendons constitute these bones, such as patella or kneecap. Their role is to protect tendons from stress and wear.Irregular bones: These are bones with an unusual shape and do not fit into the previous four categories discussed. These are the bones of the spine and pelvis. Their function is to protect organs or tissues.
Effects of Mechanical Vibration on Bone Tissue
Published in Redha Taiar, Christiano Bittencourt Machado, Xavier Chiementin, Mario Bernardo-Filho, Whole Body Vibrations, 2019
Christiano Bittencourt Machado, Borja Sañudo, Christina Stark, Eckhard Schoenau
More than 200 bones classified as long, short, flat, irregular or sesamoid compose the human adult skeleton. Detailed information about them can be obtained in classic anatomy textbooks (Moore et al., 2013; Paulsen and Waschke, 2011). Long bones present a shaft (diaphysis) and form most bones of the upper and lower limbs. Short bones are cube-shaped, mainly composed by trabecular bone (for example, bones of the wrist and ankle). In flat bones, trabecular bone is surrounded by two parallel layers of compact bone (bones in skull and sternum). The irregular bones present irregular shapes and cannot be classified in another category, like the vertebrae and coxal bone. Finally, sesamoid bones (for example, the patella) are embedded in muscle tendons. These bones are intimately associated with nonosseus tissues during a lifetime: tendons, ligaments and cartilage, the latter participating in the structure of important elements such as costal cartilage, larynx, trachea, bronchi, nose and ears (Carter and Beaupré, 2001).
Advances in Marine Skeletal Nanocomposites for Bone Repair
Published in S. M. Sapuan, Y. Nukman, N. A. Abu Osman, R. A. Ilyas, Composites in Biomedical Applications, 2020
The adult skeleton comprises 206 different bones, which are grouped into five different categories based, mainly, on their shapes. Their physical, mechanical, and biological functions are related to their physical shapes. These categories are long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones. Physically, long bones such as the femur have their length longer than their width while short bones have their length equal to their width. Flat bones are relatively thin and in most cases curved, the ribs are a good example. Maxillofacial bones have irregular shapes in which sesamoid bones are small and round located in tendons.
The opportunity of using alloplastic bone augmentation materials in the maxillofacial region– Literature review
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2019
Simion Bran, Grigore Baciut, Mihaela Baciut, Ileana Mitre, Florin Onisor, Mihaela Hedesiu, Avram Manea
Considering the shape of the bones, four general categories can be described: long, short, flat and irregular bones. (Figure 3) Long bones include the clavicles, humeri, radii etc. Short bones include the carpal and tarsal bones, patellae etc. Flat bones include the skull, mandible, scapulae etc. Irregular bones include the vertebrae, sacrum, hyoid bone, maxilla etc. Flat bones form by membranous bone formation, and long bones are formed by a combination of endochondral and membranous bone formation (Clarke 2008).