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AI and Immunology Considerations in Pandemics and SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19
Published in Louis J. Catania, AI for Immunology, 2021
As of late 2020, at least seven teams are developing vaccines using the novel coronavirus itself, in a weakened or inactivated form. Around 25 groups say they are working on viral-vector vaccines. In this technology, a virus such as measles or adenovirus (recombinant serotype Ad5)63 is genetically engineered so that it can produce coronavirus proteins in the body. One such technology, AstraZeneca’s AZD12222 adenovirus, has shown sufficient success to have received FDA “Emergency Use Authorization” in late November, 2020. At least 20 teams are aiming to use genetic instructions (in the form of DNA or RNA) for a coronavirus protein that prompts an immune response. Finally, many researchers are experimenting with injecting coronavirus proteins directly into the body to mimic the coronavirus’s outer coat.64
Gold Nanoparticles in Biology and Medicine
Published in Lev Dykman, Nikolai Khlebtsov, Gold Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications, 2017
The immunodot assay is one of the simplest methods for analyzing membrane-immobilized antigens. In some cases, it permits quantitative determination of antigen. Most commonly, the immunodot assay is employed to study soluble antigens [223]. However, there have been several reports in which corpuscular antigens (whole bacterial cells) were used as a research object in dot assays with enzyme labels [224]. Bogatyrev et al. [225,226] were the first to perform a dot assay of whole bacterial cells, with the reaction products being visualized with immunogold markers (“cell gold immunoblotting”) to serotype the nitrogen-fixing soil microorganisms of the genus Azospirillum. Subsequently, this method was applied for the rapid diagnosis of enteric infections [227] and for the study of surface physicochemical properties of microorganisms [228]. Gas et al. [229] used a dot assay with GNPs to detect whole cells of the toxic phytoplankton Alexandrium minutum.
Infectious Bursal Disease
Published in Moayad N. Khalaf, Michael Olegovich Smirnov, Porteen Kannan, A. K. Haghi, Environmental Technology and Engineering Techniques, 2020
McFerran et al. (1980) reported two serotypes of IBDV, namely serotype I and II in which serotype I virus affected the chicken. The natural hosts of IBDV were the chicken and the turkey. Turkeys, ducks, and ostriches could be naturally and experimentally infected with IBDV serotypes I and II, as evidenced by serological response and isolation; however, the infections were apathogenic. Several other avian species were also susceptible to infection including rooks, wild pheasants, crows, gulls, and falcons. But, only serotype I viruses replicated in lymphoid cells and were pathogenic to chickens. Among the chicken breeds, the most severe clinical signs and lesions and the highest mortality rates were observed in white leghorns (Eterradossi and Saif, 2008).
High rates of Salmonella contamination in raw kibbe from commercial establishments: predominance of Salmonella Give
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Jacqueline Tanury Macruz Peresi, Ivete Aparecida Zago Castanheira De Almeida, Inara Siqueira De Carvalho Teixeira, Sonia Izaura De Lima E Silva, Rejane Alexandre Silva Graciano, Monique Ribeiro Tiba-Casas
Serotyping is traditionally an important typing method used to identify Salmonella circulating in a country, in reservoirs and in food, as well as identifying the serotypes associated with FBD. This technique is essential to detect outbreaks, the results of which may contribute to prioritizing food safety interventions and implementing appropriate control measures (Hendriksen et al. 2011).