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Marine Polysaccharides from Algae
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Wen-Yu Lu, Hui-Jing Li, Yan-Chao Wu
Cancer, also known as malignant tumor, is part of a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth. It is possible to kill normal cells and quickly spread to all parts of the body. Cancer can be classified according to cell types, such as cancer derived from epithelial cells (most common in the elderly population), sarcoma derived from connective tissues, cancer derived from hematopoietic cells (such as blood cancer), cancer derived from pluripotent cells (such as dysgerminoma and seminoma), and cancer derived from immature embryos (which is the most common type in children) (Weinberg, 2007). So far, about 100 known cancers have been found to affect humans. There are many causes of cancer: for example, obesity, tobacco, poor diet and excessive, drinking, genetic defects and following radiation (King and Robins, 2006). Cancer is a global medical problem. For a long time, clinical scientists have been looking for less toxic and more effective anti-cancer methods. Natural compounds derived from the ocean, with low cost and availability, have great potential in treating cancer. Seaweed consumption is associated with its health benefits. Seaweed is considered to be a potential source for the development of anticancer drugs, functional foods and pharmacological products (Cardozo et al., 2007; Chu, 2011; Lordan et al., 2011; Pangestuti and Kim, 2015; Smit, 2004; Thomas and Kim, 2011).
Urology
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
On US, most intratesticular tumours are hypoechoic. Seminoma is usually seen as a localized hypoechoic mass outlined by surrounding hyperechoic testicular tissue (Fig. 5.12). Occasionally, with a large seminoma the entire testicle is replaced by abnormal hypoechoic tissue. Other tumour types, such as choriocarcinoma, embryonal cell carcinoma, teratoma and mixed tumours usually show a heterogeneous echotexture. Lymphoma of the testis is hypoechoic and homogeneous and may be focal or diffuse.
Neural Networks in Urologic Oncology
Published in Raouf N.G. Naguib, Gajanan V. Sherbet, Artificial Neural Networks in Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Patient Management, 2001
Controversy currently exists concerning the use of RPLND in stage I testis cancer seminomatous and nonseminomatous. 17% and 30% of patients with seminoma and nonseminoma who are placed on observation after radical orchiectomy are expected to have occult retroperitoneal metastasis, respectively [36]. By virtue of this low rate of metastasis at stage I and the risk of surgical complications, some clinicians have opted for observation as an alternative to aggressive surgical staging/treatment.
Is low-level metal exposure related to testicular cancer?
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2021
Blanka Tariba Lovaković, Tanja Živković Semren, Toni Safner, Marija Gamulin, Majana Soče, Alica Pizent
Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy among young men. It generally affects men aged 15–35, a population that is highly active in terms of their reproductive and working capacity. Germ cell tumors, classified either as seminoma or non-seminoma, comprise 95% of malignant tumors arising in the testes. The incidence of testicular cancer has had an alarming increase over the past several decades in many developed countries.1–3 The rapid rise in incidence in the Croatian population appears to be among the highest increases recorded in Europe and worldwide.4 According to the Croatian National Cancer Registry, in the period from years 2010 to 2015, a mean number of 180 incident cases were reported annually in Croatia, with the incidence rate of around 8.8/100,000 for all ages.5,6 The reasons for the increase remain largely unknown and the risk factors for the disease are not well understood. Although the divergence in rates among different racial and ethnic groups imply that genetic susceptibility may be associated with an increased risk of the disease,1 only cryptorchidism and a family history of testicular cancer may be considered well-established risk factors.7 However, the uniformly increasing rates over the last decades could help one argue that environmental risk factors are also likely to be involved. Although there is evidence that the underlying cause of testicular cancer is of fetal origin, there are conflicting data on the increasing risk of the disease due to exposure to various environmental and lifestyle factors during adulthood.8