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Cell Biology for Bioprocessing
Published in Wei-Shou Hu, Cell Culture Bioprocess Engineering, 2020
The cytosol is not only full of soluble components (Panel 2.10). It also contains large assemblies (or aggregates) of particles. The ribosome is the main machinery for making proteins; it is a complex particle consisting of many ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNAs (rRNA). Each cell contains thousands of ribosomes ~30 nm in size. Many ribosomes are located on the cytosolic surface of the endoplasmic membrane and appear as black spots when viewed under an electron microscope. Some enzymes also form large complexes that can be seen under an electron microscope, such as pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes.
Microorganisms in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Published in Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke, Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2017
Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke
The Nucleolus is a structure within the eukaryotic nucleus for the synthesis of ribosomal RNA. Ribosomal proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm are transported into the nucleolus and combine with the ribosomal RNA to form the small and large subunits of the eukaryotic ribosome. They are then exported into the cytoplasm where they unite to form the intact ribosome.
Does exercise training improve the function of vascular smooth muscle? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2022
Yujia Liu, Zhenjia Sun, Tong Chen, Chen Yang
Researchers have shown that exercise training upregulates vascular endothelium function. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was stimulated by increasing blood flow and shear stress which was produced by exercise training, and produced more nitric oxide (NO) which promoting vasodilation (Paula et al., 2020). Importantly, vasodilation reacting to NO relies on VSMCs relaxation (Vanhoutte et al., 2017). Thus, one of the potential mechanisms of enhancing VSMCs function caused by exercise is that training increased NO system activity (Paula et al., 2020). Meanwhile, exercise training also directly ameliorated VSMCs relaxation. Exercise improved hyperpolarization ability by regulating the Ca2+ signal and K+ channel in VSMCs (Chen et al., 2015; Shi et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2020). Their coupling normalized the excitability of VSMCs, strengthening the negative feedback regulation to depolarization, so that endothelial-independent vasodilation activation was easier when necessary. Phenotypic switch of VSMCs from contractile phenotype to a secretory phenotype also contributed to the decline of contractile responses. Expression of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain 1 (SM1) was decreased when phenotypic switch happened, whereas expression of phospho-histone H3 and of the synthetic protein, ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6), were increased. Exercise training could improve contractile responses, by reducing smooth muscle proliferation and expression of rpS6, and increasing expression of SM1 (Muller-Delp et al., 2018).
Effects of cross-fostering and developmental exposure to mixtures of environmental contaminants on hepatic gene expression in prepubertal 21 days old and adult male Sprague-Dawley rats
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
D. Desaulniers, N. Khan, C. Cummings-Lorbetskie, K. Leingartner, G-H. Xiao, A. Williams, C.L. Yauk
DEG were selected for RT-qPCR validation (Suppl. Table S3) using custom-made PCR arrays containing proprietary primers (RT2 Profiler PCR Array: CAPR10984, Qiagen and PrimePCR SYBR green assays, Bio-Rad). The RNA samples used in the microarray experiment were also employed for RT-qPCR. Total RNA was reverse transcribed utilizing the RT2 First Strand cDNA kit according to the company’s protocol. RT-qPCR was performed on a C-1000 thermal cycler (Bio-Rad) according to the protocol provided by the RT2 SYBR green kit (Qiagen/Bio-Rad). Expression values were normalized to the mean of the three endogenous controls: β-actin (Actb), Ribosomal protein large P1 (Rplp1), and Ribosomal protein L13A (Rpl13a). Based upon microarray and PCR data, treatments did not markedly affect these endogenous control genes. The quality of the Ct values was assessed using online software provided by SABiosciences at http://pcrdataanalysis.sabiosciences.com/pcr/arrayanalysis.php. Fold changes were calculated according to the 2−ΔΔCt method (Livak and Schmittgen 2001).
Enhanced phytoremediation of hexavalent chromium contamination in phosphate mining wasteland by a phosphate solubilizing bacterium
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2022
Yunting Zheng, Yizhong Li, Shuyu Guo, Junxia Yu, Ruan Chi, Chunqiao Xiao
The abundance of Cr(VI) tolerance genes in different species in the two samples is shown in Figure 5. The abundance of FTH1, FTL, HSP90A, glgP, htpG, glnA, and GLUD1_2 genes was relatively high in the two samples, which is also consistent with the results in Figure 4. The FTH1 subunit of ferritin can initiate the oxidation of Fe(II), and the FTL subunit can lead to the formation of biominerals. Ferritin plays a role in cellular detoxification, and overexpression of some ferritins may be one of the crucial factors of the translocation of other metals (Muhoberac, Martin, and Ruben 2011; Rascio and Navari-Izzo 2011). This suggests that high expression of FTH1 and FTL may imply transport of Cr(VI). HSP90A is a direct target of transcriptional activation of c-Myc gene, and participates in many different cellular processes and plays an important role in the process of cell life (Teng et al. 2004). Activation of HSP90A suggests that bacteria play a role in Cr(VI) resistance and enhanced phytoremediation. The expression of glgP gene may be related to the resistance to ROS pathway, and can significantly improve the oxidative stress resistance of bacteria (Wang et al. 2020). HtpG may be associated with ribosomal protein L2, possibly recognizing the native unfolded state of the RNA binding site (Motojima-Miyazaki, Yoshida, and Motojima 2010). The glnA and GLUD1_2 genes are involved in N cycling, which improving the soil environment and promoting the plant growth (Tang et al. 2021). It further indicate that microorganisms can promote plant growth and reduce the toxicity of Cr(VI) to plants through various mechanisms including inhibiting pollutants and maintaining soil stability (Shah et al. 2021).