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Brain Motor Centers and Pathways
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The reticular formation is an extensive network of neurons that extends from the rostral midbrain to the caudal medulla (Figure 12.17). It is a heterogeneous assemblage of neuronal clusters that is pervaded by bundles of axons crossing the brainstem. Rostro-caudally, it is divided into three parts: the pontine reticular formation in the region of the lower pons, the mesencephalic reticular formation above this central region, and the medullary reticular formation below the central region. Sagittally, the reticular formation is divided into three columns: the raphe nuclei that form a ridge in the middle of the reticular formation, adjacent to which is the medial reticular formation, then the lateral reticular formation. The medial reticular formation contains gigantocellular nuclei, having cells of large size, whereas the lateral reticular formation contains parvocellular nuclei, having cells of small size.
The limbic system and trauma
Published in Herman Staudenmayer, Environmental Illness, 2018
The reticular formation, which is made up of a network of neural fibers that runs throughout the center of the brain stem, interacts with the limbic system, particularly the hypothalamus. The reticular formation mediates the processes of arousal and sensory activation referred to as the reticular activating system. It also modulates autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, particularly arousal of sympathetic end organs, including muscular tension, pupillary dilation, cardiovascular response, galvanic skin response, and glandular secretions (Lindsley, 1960). Centrally, it controls overall arousal as well as specific attentional processes associated with selective activation of specific areas of the cortex associated with vigilance, orienting response, and signal detection (Magoun, 1963; Moruzzi and Magoun, 1949).
Detrimental effects on executive function and mood following consecutive days of repeated high-intensity sprint interval exercise in trained male sports players
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2022
Sarah E. Costello, Barry V. O’Neill, Glyn Howatson, Ken van Someren, Crystal F. Haskell-Ramsay
Several theories may explain the results observed. Perhaps one of the most recent is the RAH model (Audiffren, 2016) which posits that acute exercise forces the brain to shift metabolic resources away from specific regions, such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC) responsible for high-order cognitive thinking, to alternatively favour structures that support exercise, such as the reticular formation and motor cortices. This process would consequently favour sensory and motor tasks whilst temporarily impairing executive function (Fontes et al., 2020; Moreau & Chou, 2019). Following this theory, it could be suggested that greater resource was required in the motor cortex on day 2 due to increased fatigue, consequently reducing resource availability in the PFC and inhibiting cognitive performance. A neurochemical approach has also been suggested. Initially proposed by (Cooper, 1973) and extended by (McMorris et al., 2016), this theory acknowledges the cascading effect exercise has on many neurochemicals in the brain, including catecholamines noradrenaline and dopamine, as well as cortisol, BDNF, and possibly serotonin. Excessive concentrations of these neurochemicals as a result of high-intensity or prolonged exercise, can inhibit cognitive function (McMorris et al., 2016) and may contribute to the effects observed. The application of both these theories to post-exercise cognitive effects, as opposed to during exercise, however, is still not clear and thus further investigation using brain imaging techniques such as electroencephalography or near-infrared spectroscopy is required.
Survey and perspective on social emotions in robotics
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2022
Recent studies have clarified the importance of the body in emotions, as previously suggested by William James through the peripheral theory of emotions [23]. In recent studies in cognitive neuroscience, the perception of the internal state, also known as interoception, has been reported to be the key to the subjective experience of emotions [24]. According to the emotional quartet theory, a brainstem-centered system corresponds to an emotional system [25]. The brainstem is the oldest brain structure, and the reticular formation plays an important role in this brainstem-centered system. Another important aspect of the relationship between emotions and the body is Damasio's somatic marker hypothesis, which assumes that emotions efficiently evaluate external stimuli through our own body [26].
Oculomotor dynamics in skilled soccer players: The effects of sport expertise and strenuous physical effort
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2019
Teresa Zwierko, Wojciech Jedziniak, Beata Florkiewicz, Miłosz Stępiński, Rafał Buryta, Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak, Robert Nowak, Marek Popowczak, Jarosław Woźniak
Moreover, other previous investigations in healthy individuals undergoing pharmacological intervention on eye movements confirmed a relationship between brain catecholamines and saccadic control. For instance, Glue, White, Wilson, Ball, and Nutt (1991) observed that the administration of clonidine, an α 2-adrenoreceptor agonist that inhibits noradrenaline release, substantially reduced peak velocity, acceleration and deceleration of saccadic eye movements in healthy male volunteers. Conversely, the administration of an α2-adrenoreceptor antagonist (idazoxan), did not increase saccade velocity, acceleration or deceleration above the baseline state. Furthermore, administration of the first-generation antipsychotic chlorpromazine (100 mg), a D2-dopamine receptor antagonist, slowed peak saccade velocity in healthy individuals (Barrett, Bell, Watson, & King, 2004; Green & King, 1998). In relation to our study it is highly likely that the potential perturbations in the synthesis and metabolism of several neurotransmitters as result of maximal intensity exercise may affect some of the specific brain areas involved in saccadic eye movement control, such as the superior colliculus, frontal eye fields, supplementary eye fields, and the paramedian pontine reticular formation (Munoz & Everling, 2004).