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Clinical and epidemiological context of COVID-19
Published in Sanjeeva Srivastava, Multi-Pronged Omics Technologies to Understand COVID-19, 2022
Viswanthram Palanivel, Akanksha Salkar, Radha Yadav, Renuka Bankar, Om Shrivastav, Arup Acharjee
SARS-CoV-2 has caused a pandemic of unimaginable proportions. It was first identified in China in December 2019 and was named COVID-19 in February 2020 by WHO (Carvalho, Krammer, and Iwasaki 2021). Less than a month after it was named, COVID-19 was officially declared a global pandemic by WHO in March 2020 (Carvalho, Krammer, and Iwasaki 2021). This viral disease is transmitted via droplets and initially presents itself as a lower respiratory tract infection. Most infected individuals manifest mild disease and present flu-like symptoms such as dry cough, body ache, and fever. Atypical symptoms such as anorexia, diarrhea, and vomiting have also been reported. Some patients manifest severe respiratory illness with conditions such as dyspnea and hypoxia or they would show greater than 50% lung involvement on imaging and may further progress to the critical stage with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), respiratory failure, viremia, and eventually multi-organ system dysfunction (Zaim et al. 2020). Extrapulmonary involvement of the virus due to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) receptor expression in different organs increases the complexity of disease pathogenesis (Dong et al. 2020). The infected individuals were initially treated with a combination of antiviral or antibiotics with other supplementary drugs to alleviate symptoms due to the lack of specific COVID-19 medicines and vaccines. The pandemic severely impacted the health systems and economies globally, thus it’s been called a “21st-century mayhem”.
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Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
For example, in Teschke et al.’s study (2010), the authors reported the rates of physician visits and hospitalizations for water-related endemic intestinal infectious disease. The authors calculated crude incidence rates of 1,353 physician visits and 33.8 hospitalizations for intestinal infections per 100,000 person-years. These incidence rates are for the time period from 1995 through 2003. In a study of arsenic exposure in drinking water among pregnant women in Bangladesh, Rahman et al. (2011) calculated the incidence rates of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and severe LRTI in the infants during their first year of life; these rates were 2.96 (95 percent confidence interval (CI), 2.78–3.16) and 2.35 (95 percent CI, 2.18–2.52) episodes per person-year, respectively.
Scaffolds for tracheal regeneration
Published in Gilson Khang, Handbook of Intelligent Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 2017
Doh Young Lee, Seong Keun Kwon
Tissue engineering of tracheal regeneration should provide structural support (cartilaginous framework) that is consistent with the original properties of the trachea and firm enough to prevent collapse from extrinsic compression or dynamic airflow. Moreover, successful tracheal mucosal regeneration should provide the cellular structures essential for removing mucus plugs in the airway and preventing lower respiratory tract infection.
Tracheitis hospital admissions are associated with Asia dust storm
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Chin-Shyan Chen, Yun-Shan Chan, Tsai-Ching Liu
Chronic lower respiratory diseases in Taiwan have been one of the top 20 reasons for outpatient visits in the past three years. According to annual reports from the National Health Insurance Administration Ministry of Health and Welfare, related medical expenses made up 1.16% of total outpatient expenditures covered by National Health Insurance in 2016, but gradually increased to 1.36% in 2018. With the rise in the number of patients and related medical expenditures, authorities and researchers are focusing more and more on interconnected diseases and trying to take action to prevent them from happening. As inflammation of the trachea may induce lower respiratory tract infection, its prevention is especially important.
Air pollution and pediatric respiratory hospital admissions in Bursa, Turkey: A time series study
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Eda Ünal, Aysel Özdemir, Narges Khanjani, Maryam Dastoorpoor, Güven Özkaya
Bronchitis is the most common lower respiratory tract infection in infants under two years of age (Meissner 2016). In this study, the majority of hospitalizations for lower respiratory tract infections were due to bronchitis, and most of those hospitalized were infants under two years of age, which is in line with the literature (Mendes-da-Silva et al. 2019). The role of air pollution in the development of bronchitis is not fully understood. However, it has been shown that PM exposure causes an increase in cytokine levels in rats, induces a systematic response, and causes tissue damage that leads to bronchitis (Pardo et al. 2016).
Exposure to fine particulate matter and acute upper- and lower-respiratory tract infections (AURI and ALRI) in children under five years of age in India
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2023
Kawuli Abudureyimu, Made Ayu Hitapretiwi Suryadhi, Takashi Yorifuji, Toshihihe Tsuda
We used acute upper respiratory tract infection (AURI) and acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) as the health outcomes in this study. The survey acquired this information based on symptoms experienced by children under five years of age, two weeks preceding the survey.8 We identified AURI from the question “Whether the child had suffered from a cough over the past two weeks”. Furthermore, ALRI was identified from the question “Whether the child had suffered from rapid breathing when he/she had the cough”. This definition has been used as an outcome of interest in many studies.10–13