China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Properties of Starch and Modified Starches
Published in Jean-Luc Wertz, Bénédicte Goffin, Starch in the Bioeconomy, 2020
Jean-Luc Wertz, Bénédicte Goffin
In the last century, starch present in foods was considered to be completely digested.24 However, during the 1980s, studies on starch digestion started to show that besides digestible starch, which could be rapidly or slowly hydrolyzed, there was a variable fraction that resisted hydrolysis by digestive enzymes. That fraction was named resistant starch (RS) and it encompasses those forms of starch that are not accessible to human digestive enzymes but can be fermented by the colonic microbiota, producing short chain fatty acids. Short chain fatty acids from the RS have different physiological and probiotic effects. The scientific interest in RS has increased during the last decades because of its capacity to produce high levels of butyrate throughout the colon. The RS associated with small chains of fructooligosaccharides acts synergistically in the digestive system to cause a prebiotic effect that benefits human health. RS has been classified into five types, depending on the mechanism governing its resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis as a result of the transformation process.
Application of Nanobioformulations for Controlled Release and Targeted Biodistribution of Drugs
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nanobiomaterials, 2018
Josef Jampílek, Katarina Král’ová
Starch NPs for the delivery of gemcitabine·HCl that could reduce its dose related side effects and may prolong its retention time (24 h) for the treatment of pancreatic cancer was developed by Khaira et al. (2014). Ultrasmall cationic starch nanospheres with size of 50 nm possessing a good capacity in delivering negatively charged molecules, biocompatibility, and biodegradability were prepared by Huang et al. (2013). Spherical particles of amylose-IBU inclusion complexes with the sizes ranging from 30 to 80 nm were stable in the simulated gastric fluid, IBU was sustainably released from the complexes in the simulated medium of the small intestine, which is connected with the hydrolysis of the inclusion complexes by amylase. Thus, these complexes can be used as carriers releasing drug in an intestinally targeting and controlled manner (Yang et al., 2013). Situ et al. (2015) developed an oral colon-specific controlled release system suitable for delivery of polypeptides or proteins coated with a resistant starch-based film through aqueous dispersion coating process. A dramatic increase in the resistibility against enzymatic digestion resulting in the formation of resistant starch can be achieved by high-temperature-pressure modification of starch, enzymatic debranching, and retrogradation. A novel oral pH-responsive protein drug delivery vehicle made of starch NPs as backbone and poly(l-glutamic acid) as graft chains was synthesized by Zhang et al. (2013b). The loaded insulin released from the copolymers more slowly in artificial gastric juice (pH = 1.2) than in artificial intestinal liquid (pH = 6.8) due to the excellent stability in acidic condition.
Influence of wall material on production of spray dried Lactobacillus plantarum NRRL B-4496 and its viability at different storage conditions
Published in Drying Technology, 2018
Vondel Reyes, Arranee Chotiko, Alexander Chouljenko, Vashti Campbell, Chen Liu, Chandra Theegala, Subramaniam Sathivel
At 60 days of storage under 4°C (Figure 3a), the results demonstrated that LPHM powders yielded the highest viability of LP, followed by LPGA and LPMD. At the 60th day of storage, LPHM powders at 97% vacuum had a cell viability of 8.17 log CFU/g powder, representing a 0.14 log unit reduction in viability. Regarding LPHM powder at 10% vacuum, the number of viable cells at 60 days was 8.08 log CFU/g which correspond to a 0.23 log unit reduction in viability. Bandyopadhyay and Mandal[42] and Anal and Singh[43] state that resistant starch offers a surface for adherence of the bacterial cells during processing, storage, and transit through the upper gastrointestinal tract, providing robustness and resilience to environmental stresses. This is likely the reason why LP had a higher viability during refrigerated storage at both vacuum conditions compared to those with MD and GA. Goderska and Czarnecki[44] reported that the use of HM (Hylon VII) as an encapsulating agent kept the viability of spray dried Bifidobacterium bifidum DSM 20239 cells stable during 4 months of storage at 4°C, stating that the adhesion of cells to the starch could be responsible for the improvement on cell viability. The viability of LPGA powders was not significantly different than HM powders at both 97 and 10% vacuum conditions, having at the 60th day of storage a viability of 7.94 and 7.85 log CFU/g, respectively. Regarding LPMD powders, both reported viability of more than 7 log CFU/g at the day 60 of storage. The number of viable cells was 7.85 log CFU/g for LPMD at 97% vacuum and 7.34 log CFU/g for LPMD at 10% vacuum. The numbers of viable cells in all samples in the present study met the recommended levels in a probiotic product to confer health benefits to humans, 107 CFU/g food product.[15,4546] According to the results, the three wall materials can be used to preserve L. plantarum up to 60 days of storage at refrigerated (4°C) conditions. However, other factors such as powder yields, costs, and physicochemical properties need to be considered to select a wall material for a specific application.
Influence of postharvest drying conditions on resistant starch content and quality of non-waxy long-grain rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Published in Drying Technology, 2018
Natthawuddhi Donlao, Yoshitaka Matsushita, Yukiharu Ogawa
Recently, RSs have been subdivided into four categories: type I is the physical protected from of starch and usually found in whole cereal grains, type II represents starch that is in a certain granular form and their compact structure limits the accessibility of enzymes, type III is retrograded amylose formed during cooling of gelatinized starch, and type IV represents modified starches that obtained by chemical treatments.[23] The RS content and TS content of uncooked and cooked rice treated with different postharvest drying conditions are shown in Fig. 4. In this study, the RS measured as the residue resistant to enzymatic digestion showed that RS of uncooked rice samples varied from 0.27 to 0.48% (db) (Fig. 4a); however, it was obvious that there was no significant difference. On average, the RS of all uncooked rice samples was generally low (less than 0.5% (db)) compared with other cereals and legumes. The RS of uncooked rice corresponded to the results of Chung et al.[50] who stated that raw rice starches are usually contained less than 1% of RS. Generally, starch granules obtained from raw foods, which are resistant to digestion are categorized in resistant starch type II.[51] When the RS of uncooked and cooked rice from all treatments was compared, RS of cooked rice samples was significantly higher than that obtained from uncooked rice samples. From these results, it can be concluded that rice cooking resulted in increasing in RS. Accordingly, the increasing in RS in cooked rice samples may be due to amylose retrogradation, which could be explained on the basis of RS.[23,52,53] Retrogradation has been attributed to the change that mostly occurs upon cooling and storage of gelatinized starch.[54] The increases in RS from retrograded rice starch after cooking also corresponded to the results obtained from XRD analysis, which indicated by the presence of B-type crystalline structure. Additionally, the increasing in RS in samples involved the formation of amylose–lipid complexes (indicator of enzyme-resistant starch) of rice starch during cooking as evidenced by the XRD pattern and the DSC thermogram. Consequently, the occurrence of RS type III and the amylose–lipid complexes in cooked rice samples resulted in significantly higher RS compared with uncooked rice samples. This result agrees well with the study on effect of processing treatments on RS that reported by Eggum et al.,[24] Parchure and Kulkarni,[52] Mangala et al.,[26] and Larsen et al.[55]