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Respiratory system and chest
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
‘Pulmonary consolidation’ refers to filling of the pulmonary alveoli with fluid (pus, blood and oedema), protein or cells. Radiographic signs of alveolar opacification are described above. Consolidation of a pulmonary lobe or segment is usually due to pneumonia, with other less common causes, such as pulmonary infarct or contusion, usually differentiated on the basis of clinical history. Organisms that commonly cause pneumonia include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Early subtle areas of alveolar shadowing may progress to dense lobar consolidation. Expansion of a lobe with bulging pulmonary fissures may be seen with Klebsiella. Necrosis and cavitation may complicate severe cases of lobar pneumonia. Small pleural effusions commonly accompany pneumonia. More aggressive organisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas may cause more extensive consolidation. This may involve multiple lobes, with cavitation leading to abscess formation. Other complications of pneumonia include empyema and bronchopleural fistula. For further information on pulmonary infections in children, see Chapter 13.
A review of the toxicology of oil in vertebrates: what we have learned following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2021
Ryan Takeshita, Steven J. Bursian, Kathleen M. Colegrove, Tracy K. Collier, Kristina Deak, Karen M. Dean, Sylvain De Guise, Lisa M. DiPinto, Cornelis J. Elferink, Andrew J. Esbaugh, Robert J. Griffitt, Martin Grosell, Kendal E. Harr, John P. Incardona, Richard K. Kwok, Joshua Lipton, Carys L. Mitchelmore, Jeffrey M. Morris, Edward S. Peters, Aaron P. Roberts, Teresa K. Rowles, Jennifer A. Rusiecki, Lori H. Schwacke, Cynthia R. Smith, Dana L. Wetzel, Michael H. Ziccardi, Ailsa J. Hall
Schwacke et al. (2014) found a significantly higher proportion of the bottlenose dolphins in Barataria Bay, Louisiana following the DWH spill with lung abnormalities as compared to dolphins sampled in Sarasota Bay, Florida. The Barataria Bay dolphins were 5-fold more likely to have moderate to severe lung disease, consisting of increased occurrence of alveolar interstitial syndrome, lung masses, and pulmonary consolidation. Corresponding to data from live health assessments, bottlenose dolphins stranding in the years immediately following the spill displayed a higher prevalence of primary bacterial pneumonia compared to non-exposed dolphins (22 vs. 2%) (Venn-Watson et al. 2015). A study among the same study animals using a noninvasive technique for detection of exhaled breath metabolites found a significant relationship between pulmonary consolidation and metabolites consistent with chronic inflammation as evidenced by products of lung epithelial cellular breakdown and arachidonic acid cascade metabolites (Pasamontes et al. 2017). Pasamontes et al. (2017) concluded that the increased degree of cellular breakdown products in the Barataria Bay dolphins were consistent with, but not specific to, the proposed mechanism of chronic lung disease from aspirating or inhaling noxious agents.