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Thermography by Specialty
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
Severe crush injuries or comminuted fractures of the limbs may be complicated by the development of Compartment Syndrome (CS), where hematoma or edema increase the tissue pressure inside a closed fascial space, cutting off the arterial blood supply to the muscles within that space. Even milder injuries or a cast that is applied too tightly may cause CS. Arterial pulses distal to the injury usually remain full. Severe pain occurs and muscle necrosis may result unless emergency fasciotomy is performed to relieve the compartment pressure. Forearm fractures involving both radius and ulna, as well as tibial fractures of the leg, are most prone to CS complications.25 A study using thermography to aid in the detection of CS showed a highly significant “thigh-foot index” (TFI), or difference between thigh and ankle temperatures, of over 8°C (150F) in the involved leg as compared to about 2°C (3.6°F) in the uninvolved normal leg (Figure 11.8).26
Gastrointestinal tract and salivary glands
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Dual scanning is performed with the patient in a prone and then in a supine position on the scan table, with their arms raised above their head. Dual positioning helps to encourage air to rise and distend the bowel dependent on the patient position. In addition, this helps to discriminate between fluid, faeces and polyps. The transverse colon is best demonstrated with the patient in the supine position and rectum is best visualised in the prone position. A flexible rectal catheter is used to intubate the patient’s rectum. The balloon catheter may be required for the first scan; this will assist in ensuring the catheter remains in situ while CO2 gas is introduced into the bowel. The use of a negative contrast agent, such as CO2, is administered using an automated insufflator, typically 1.5 litres with the patient in left lateral position and an additional 1.5 litres in right lateral position (20 mmHg). Figure 5.62c demonstrates a CO2 insufflator. Positioning is aided by the axial, coronal and sagittal laser lights to ensure that the patient is positioned in the central axis of the scanner.
Advances in Patient Setup and Target Localization
Published in Siyong Kim, John Wong, Advanced and Emerging Technologies in Radiation Oncology Physics, 2018
Patients can be set up in either the supine position or the prone position for breast cancer treatments. In the supine position, patients can be set up using the breast board with arms raised over the head, head turned toward the contralateral breast, and chin extended. A matched supraclavicular (SCV) field and/or a medial internal mammary field can be added to cover lymph nodes superior and/or medial to the breast fields. Breath-hold technique may be used for treating the left breast to minimize heart dose. In the prone position, patients can be set up using a prone breast board. The board contains a movable insert at the level of the breast so that the treated breast is allowed to hang below the board while the healthy breast rests on the insert. The prone position can also be used when treating breast tumors without any nodal (internal mammary or SCV) involvement. Studies showed that prone setup reduces the amount of lung and heart volumes irradiated, especially for left breast cancer patients (Lymberis et al., 2012) In general, the supine position is relatively easier to set up than the prone position, while the prone position has less respiratory motion than the supine position for free breathing treatments.
Device profile of the Proclaim XR neurostimulation system for the treatment of chronic pain: an overview of its safety and efficacy
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Jonathan M. Hagedorn, Alyson M. Engle, Priyanka Ghosh, Timothy R. Deer
Once these criteria are met, it is advised to select specific MRI parameters for the specific scan the patient will be undergoing. Scans can only be conducted with 1.5-T cylindrical-bore magnet, with a maximum gradient slew rate of ≤200 T/m/s per axis, and, maximum spatial gradient of 30 T/m (3000 G/cm). For all scans, patients must be in a supine position with arms at their sides, no other patient positions are permitted including prone position or positions with patient arms above their head. The maximum scan time is 30 minutes of active scanning per session with 30 minutes of wait time between sessions. For any body part, the MRI must be configured to with body RF transmit coil with any receive-only coil and RF power B1+ rms ≤1.6 µT or if BMS 1+ rms is unavailable, utilize whole body specific absorption rate (SAR) ≤0.8 W/kg. For head or extremity scans, radiofrequency (RF) transmit-receive coils should be utilized with the coil clear of the IPG system. Of note, the hip and the shoulder are excluded from extremity imaging as they do not have adequate safety data. For full body scans, the body RF transmit coil is utilized with specific RF power levels during the entire scan. After scans are complete and the patient is out of the MRI scanning area, their device must have MRI mode turned off and tested for full functionality [20].
Towards Patient-centered Diagnosis of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea—A Review of Biomedical Engineering Strategies
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Recently, positive initial results have been obtained from non-wrist-based sensors to estimate sleep disruption. For example, Waltisberg et al. [74] investigated the use of an in-bed sensor system composed of an array of strain gauges to detect pressure changes associated with body movements. Pattern recognition methods were used to analyze the results and were compared against expert-annotated references from PSG with the agreement of 72%. Park et al. [75] tested the feasibility of a 3-axis accelerometer inserted in the pillow and strip-type force sensors under the head, chest, and abdomen for respiratory monitoring based on changes in body position. This system estimated respirations with minimal error in 12 healthy adults. do Prado et al. [76] examined data from the Alice System® (Scientific Laboratory Products, Elgin, IL) body position sensor to determine the effects of body position on OSA severity in children. The Alice System® uses a belt worn around the chest and is triggered by a change in position. The children enrolled in the study were determined to have lower AHI in the supine position relative to the prone position and had shorter apneas in the supine position compared when on their side.
Differences in trunk and thigh muscle strength, endurance and thickness between elite sailors and non-sailors
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2018
Bernd Friesenbichler, Julia F. Item-Glatthorn, Fabian Neunstöcklin, Nicola C. Casartelli, Gaël Guilhem, Nicola A. Maffiuletti
Muscle thickness of four trunk flexors (rectus abdominis, internal/external oblique, transversus abdominis), one trunk extensor (erector spinae longissimus) and two knee extensors (vastus lateralis and vastus intermedius) were measured unilaterally on the dominant side using B-mode ultrasound (Mylab 25, Esaote, Florence, Italy) equipped with a linear array transducer (frequency band 7.5–12 MHz) (Dupont et al., 2001). The measurements were conducted according to methodology described elsewhere (Fukunaga, Ichinose, Ito, Kawakami, & Fukashiro, 1997; Ikezoe, Mori, Nakamura, & Ichihashi, 2012). In short, recordings of trunk flexor thickness were made in the supine position and at the end of a relaxed expiration and participants were in the prone position for trunk extensor measurements. For knee extensors, participants were asked to sit with the hip and knee joints flexed at 90° and to relax the quadriceps muscles. Muscle thickness was analysed with an image-editing program (ImageJ 1.36b, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA) and defined as the largest Euclidean distance between two points that were placed orthogonally to the centreline between the superficial and the deep aponeurosis (Minetto et al., 2016). A total of three images were acquired for each muscle and the mean peak distance was retained for further analysis.