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Clinical Sequelae and Functional Outcomes
Published in Mark A. Mentzer, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, 2020
Complications include neurological, physical, cognitive, and emotional/behavioral issues, often collectively termed post-concussion syndrome (PCS). CTE from mTBI is linked with other delayed neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease) (Arrowhead Publishers, 2014). While accumulations of hyperphosphorylated tau are directly associated with the term CTE, a number of conditions are associated with high levels of cerebral tau aggregation; and there no firmly established clinical or pathological criteria for the diagnosis of CTE (Ashley and Hovda, 2018).
Traumatic Brain Injury and Aeromedical Licensing
Published in Anthony N. Nicholson, The Neurosciences and the Practice of Aviation Medicine, 2017
Post-concussion symptoms are well recognized by those who have the responsibility to care generally or specially for patients who have had a traumatic brain injury. The spectrum of complaints is broad and includes headache, dizziness, sleeplessness and disturbed sleep patterns, behavioural changes, poor concentration, short-term memory problems, and mood swings including irritability and anxiety. The post-concussion syndrome has been defined as a clinical state in which three or more symptoms persist for more than three months. Importantly, neurological examination and CT scans should be normal.
Effect of exertion on blink reflex parameters in Division I football athletes
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2023
Dena P. Garner, Patrick D. Sparks, Haley M. Chizuk, Mohammad N. Haider
Evaluation of the oculomotor system is an emergent practice for the sideline and recovery assessment of concussion (Galetta et al., 2011; King et al., 2015; Yorke et al., 2017). A review of the literature cites changes in the function of eye movements as a consequence of concussion and includes impairments in the following ocular functions: saccades, smooth pursuits, optokinetic nystagmus, eye skew, and gaze control (Stuart et al., 2020). Within 24–48 hours of concussion, research cites slower smooth pursuit and faster saccadic velocity in concussed individuals as compared to controls (Murray et al., 2014), while data within 7 days of concussion showed individuals experienced lower smooth pursuit percentages and increased saccade percentages as compared to controls (Hunfalvay et al., 2021). Within 2 weeks of concussion, persons with persisting concussion symptoms demonstrated altered smooth pursuit as compared to controls (Maruta et al., 2017), and data after 3–5 months found that individuals with post-concussion syndrome (PCS) exhibited faster self-paced saccade velocity as compared to non-PCS subjects (Heitger et al., 2009). While the majority of eye-tracking studies have varied on the time of assessment from point of injury, the data provide a greater understanding on the ocular changes that occur post-concussion (Ferries et al., 2021; Stuart et al., 2020).
Centre of pressure velocity shows impairments in NCAA Division I athletes six months post-concussion during standing balance
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2020
Moira K. Pryhoda, Kevin B. Shelburne, Kim Gorgens, Aurélie Ledreux, Ann-Charlotte Granholm, Bradley S. Davidson
Concussions are an ongoing safety issue in athletics. Up to 3.8 million sport-related concussions are diagnosed annually in the United States, and an estimated 50% of concussions are unreported (Harmon et al., 2013). Immediately following concussion, athletes can experience a host of clinical indicators such as reduced cognitive function, physical symptoms, emotional changes, and sleep disturbances. Conventionally, clinical symptoms (e.g., headache, dizziness, nausea, etc.) are reported by the athlete at the time of the injury and are tracked following a concussion, and after these symptoms resolve, the concussed athlete moves into a structured protocol for return to play (RTP). If the symptoms do not resolve within four weeks, the athlete is diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome (PCS; Asken et al., 2016; Harmon et al., 2013).
Inflammatory and apoptotic signalling pathways and concussion severity: a genetic association study
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Sarah Mc Fie, Shameemah Abrahams, Jon Patricios, Jason Suter, Michael Posthumus, Alison V. September
The neuroinflammatory response is initiated following concussion (Patterson & Holahan, 2012; Smith et al., 2013) and this was suggested to influence concussion symptom presentation and duration (Blaylock & Maroon, 2011; Lai & Todd, 2008). Furthermore, a review of the post-concussion inflammatory response suggested that the post-concussion syndrome could be referred to as a “post-inflammatory brain syndrome” due the significant role of inflammation in the concussion pathophysiology and the overlap of common symptoms between inflammatory disorders and concussion (Rathbone, Surejini, Jiang, Rathbone, & Kumbhare, 2015). Interleukin 1β (IL-1B) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) are the two interleukins primarily expressed following brain injury (Harrison, Rowe, O’Hara, Adelson, & Lifshitz, 2014; Hopkins & Rothwell, 1995) and both play an important role in mediating the neuroinflammatory response (Bélanger, Allaman, & Magistretti, 2011). IL-1B up-regulates the expression of IL-6 (Norris, Tang, Sparacio, & Benveniste, 1994; Woodroofe et al., 1991) and both interleukins act to stimulate the neuroinflammatory response (Basu, Krady, & Levison, 2004; Erta, Quintana, & Hidalgo, 2012). Altered IL-1B and IL-6 expression and protein levels have been associated with neuroinflammatory variation (Almolda et al., 2014; Rothwell, 2003) and clinical outcomes following brain injury (Clausen et al., 2011; Singhal et al., 2002; Winter, Pringle, Clough, & Church, 2004).