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Histopathological Laboratories
Published in Dag K. Brune, Christer Edling, Occupational Hazards in the Health Professions, 2020
A. O. Myking, E. Røynstrand, O. D. Laerum
The symptoms may vary from insomnia, fatigue, and irritability to psychoorganic syndromes characteristic for presenile dementia. Progression of symptoms is supposed to stop when exposure ceases. Peripheral neuropathies have been described with preferential involvement of the long somatic nerves. In addition to symptoms from the central and peripheral nervous systems, there is reason to believe that clearing agents in common with other organic solvents may induce arrhythmia of the heart.54 Ventricular fibrillation is suspected in some cases of sudden death in chronic exposure as well as in acute intoxication. Irritability of the respiratory system is well known and likewise there is a decreased sense of smell. Teratogenic effects are suspected and reports indicate a higher percentage of miscarriage and abortion among exposed women.36–39 In spite of the close chemical relationship to benzene, hematological disorders have so far not been documented.
Child-Robot Interaction in a Musical Dance Game: An Exploratory Comparison Study between Typically Developing Children and Children with Autism
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2021
Jaclyn A. Barnes, Chung Hyuk Park, Ayanna Howard, Myounghoon Jeon
There is no cure for ASD. Some proponents of neurodiversity disagree with the idea of a cure at all. They argue that autism is a natural variation in humanity and that treatment should not attempt to eliminate autistic characteristics or make someone with ASD behave like a TD person. In practice, there is much overlap between treatments acceptable to proponents of both the medical model of autism and the neurodiversity model (Ariel Cascio, 2012; Kapp et al., 2013). A wide variety of treatments are used including pharmaceutical, behavioral, and alternative and complementary medicine. Often multiple treatments are used with each child. Pharmaceutical and biomedical interventions focus on treating symptoms of ASD and comorbid conditions rather than ASD itself. Drugs for ADHD, seizures, irritability, aggression, anxiety, depression, repetitive behaviors, and sleep disturbances can be used on and off-label for children with ASD (Anagnostou et al., 2014). Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is perhaps the best-known treatment. ABA is a behavioral intervention that focuses on improving skills using learning principles. The focus is usually on increasing desired behavior, decreasing undesired behavior, and teaching new skills. However, there can be wide variance in style, duration, and intensity of ABA interventions, and it is still unsettled what combinations work best for which patients. ABA is particularly commonly used with young children (Anagnostou et al., 2014; Myers & Johnson, 2007). Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children (TEACCH) is another behavioral intervention. It emphasizes structure and predictability in learning, but tends to focus both on the child adapting and on adapting the environment to the child (Myers & Johnson, 2007). Socio-communicative deficits are often addressed by a speech pathologist. The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) or another alternative/augmented communication strategy may be employed. Other social skills, such as joint attention and symbolic play skills, are also addressed by a variety of behavioral interventions, particularly those incorporated into daily activities by parents. Occupational therapists often train self-care and academic skills. Sensory integration therapy, intended to address difficulties processing sensory input is also common. Complementary and alternative medicine therapies are commonly used, but understudied. Some, including music therapy, have shown some promise, but others, like chelation, have shown some harm (Myers & Johnson, 2007). All of the therapies discussed in the following sections fall under the complementary and alternative medicine category at present.