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Nanotechnology and Delivery System for Bioactive Antibiofilm Dental Materials
Published in Mary Anne S. Melo, Designing Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Restorative Dentistry, 2020
Jin Xiao, Yuan Liu, Marlise I. Klein, Anna Nikikova, Yanfang Ren
AMPs are emerging as promising antimicrobial agents due to their rapid bactericidal activities. However, a potential confounding problem with the use of AMP as therapeutic agents is their susceptibility to proteolytic degradation and high-salt conditions (Jang et al. 2008). Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is considered to play a major role causing periodontitis, is known as a highly proteolytic organism. In order to improve the protease resistance of AMP, Wang et al. have designed a second generation of Nal-P-113 by replacing the histidine 4, 5, and 12 with β-naphthylalanines. In this case, the new Nal-P-113 was shown to have the ability to resist proteolytic degradation and high-salt conditions(Wang et al. 2015). In their study, comparing the sterilized abilities of Nal-P-113 with CHX, penicillin, and metronidazole, Nal-P-113 was found to be effectively inhibiting the exponential growth of oral bacteria. Besides, its antibacterial effect on P. gingivalis is more potent than penicillin and metronidazole (Wang et al. 2015). Importantly, Nal-P-113 could inhibit the formation of biofilms in the early stage, which was very important to control periodontal infection. Once the early biofilms were inhibited, the mature biofilms might, in turn, be prevented. The inhibition of Nal-P-113 on biofilm formation might be due to its inhibition of the growth of planktonic bacteria and bacterial colonization at the early stage of biofilm formation (Wang et al. 2015).
Ozone ultrafine bubble water induces the cellular signaling involved in oxidative stress responses in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2019
Anongwee Leewananthawet, Shinichi Arakawa, Tokuju Okano, Ryo Daitoku Kinoshita, Hiroshi Ashida, Yuichi Izumi, Toshihiko Suzuki
Ozone has been widely used as an antiseptic in the food industry and in the dental fields. The recently developed technology of micro-bubble generation enabled the production of OUFBW, wherein the ozone moiety is extremely stable in solution [10]. A randomized controlled trial demonstrated the clinical efficacy of OUFBW in the treatment of periodontitis [11]. They also showed, using 3D human buccal and gingival tissue models, that OUFBW reduced concentration of periodontitis-related bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans without affecting oral tissues [12]. The low cytotoxicity of OUFBW was confirmed in our study at the cellular level. On the other hand, oxidative stress induced by ozone via the production of ROS is predicted to trigger some cellular signaling that possibly leads to regeneration of periodontal tissues. However, how the ozone moiety in OUFBW triggers cell signaling in the periodontal tissues remains to be elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that OUFBW induced the production of ROS. The oxidative stress caused by OUFBW induced activation of the MAPK pathway, especially the activation of p38 MAPK. OUFBW triggered the activation of an AP-1 component c-Fos and Nrf2, a transcription factor involved in the induction of oxidative stress. The results of RNA-seq analysis also revealed that the numerous genes involved in oxidative stress responses or MAPK signaling pathway were up-regulated after OUFBW treatment. The investigation of the signaling induced by OUFBW serves to highlight the other biological roles of OUFBW, in addition to its bactericidal activity, in the treatment of periodontitis. In addition to its conventional antiseptic role, our data suggest that the ozone in OUFBW stimulates cellular signaling via eliciting oxidative stress responses.