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Arsenals of Pharmacotherapeutically Active Proteins and Peptides: Old Wine in a New Bottle
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Swati Gokul Talele, Tatiana G. Volova, A. K. Haghi, Biologically Active Natural Products, 2020
Diabetes mellitus (DM) results because of increased concentration of glucose in blood [145]. DM is characterized by hyperglycemia, glycosuria, ketonemia, ketonuria, polyuria, nocturia, polydipsia, polyphagia, and asthenia. There are two types of DM: Type I DM (insulin-dependent DM) resulting due to destruction of β cells of islets of Langerhans. Thus very little or no insulin is produced by the body.Type II DM (Noninsulin dependent DM) resulting due to failure of recognition of insulin by the insulin receptors arising because of insulin resistance [1].
Role of marine polysaccharides in treatment of metabolic disorders
Published in Antonio Trincone, Enzymatic Technologies for Marine Polysaccharides, 2019
Manigandan Venkatesan, Velusamy Arumugam, Rathinam Ayyasamy, Karthik Ramachadran, Subhapradha Namasivayam, Umamaheswari Sundaresan, Archunan Govindaraju, Ramachandran Saravanan
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Metabolic abnormalities in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins result from the importance of insulin as an anabolic hormone. Low levels of insulin needed to achieve adequate response and/or insulin resistance of target tissues, mainly skeletal muscles, adipose tissue, and to a lesser extent, liver, at the level of insulin receptors, signal transduction system, and/or effector enzymes or genes are responsible for these metabolic abnormalities. The severity of symptoms is due to the type and duration of diabetes. Some diabetes patients are asymptomatic, especially those with type 2 diabetes during the early years of the disease; other patients have marked hyperglycemia, and especially children, with absolute insulin deficiency, may suffer from polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, and blurred vision. Uncontrolled diabetes may lead to stupor, coma, and if not treated, may result in death due to ketoacidosis or, more rarely, from nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome (American Diabetes Association 2014; Craig et al. 2009; Galtier 2010).
Effects of WBV in Individuals with Diabetes and Diabetic Neuropathy
Published in Redha Taiar, Christiano Bittencourt Machado, Xavier Chiementin, Mario Bernardo-Filho, Whole Body Vibrations, 2019
According to the ADA (2016), the DM diagnosis can be confirmed by four different criteria, three criteria being used for glycaemia values, and one criterion is glycated hemoglobin: 1.Symptoms of hyperglycemia (polyuria, polyphagia and excessive weight loss) and plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL; plasma glucose defined as that collected at any time of the day, without observing the interval since the last meal; or2.Fasting plasma glucose of at least eight hours ≥126 mg/dL; or3.Plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL, two hours after the ingestion of 75 g of anhydrous glucose dissolved in water; or4.Glycated hemoglobin (Hb A1c)≥6.5%.
The modern pharmacological approach to diabetes: innovative methods of monitoring and insulin treatment
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Iulian Tătaru, Oana M. Dragostin, Iuliu Fulga, Florentina Boros, Adelina Carp, Ariadna Maftei, Carmen L. Zamfir, Aurel Nechita
The authors of ref [39]., have demonstrated the hypoglycemic effect of such particles by in vivo tests, by using streptozocin 60 mg/kg to induce diabetes in laboratory mice. Long-term treatment with different doses of INS/CMCD-g-CMCs was effective in alleviating the symptoms of polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria and weight loss in diabetic mice. In addition, INS/CMCD-g-CMC microparticles showed an effective, nontoxic, side effect-free hypoglycemic effect compared to modern synthetic hypoglycemic drugs and subcutaneous insulin. Therefore, long-term administration of oral INS/CMCD-g-CMC microparticles could be effective in treating diabetes and may have a positive therapeutic effect on patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications, which contributes to the therapeutic goal of diabetes in the future [40].
Leaf extract of Morinda lucida improves pancreatic beta-cell function in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2019
Adam Olaitan Abdulkareem, Adedoyin Igunnu, Adeola Adefoluke Ala, Lawrence Aderemi Olatunji
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a poorly controlled chronic metabolic disorder that is characterized by beta-cell destruction, insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia [1,2]. It accounts for about 5–10% global incidence of diabetes mellitus, affecting approximately 20 million people worldwide, with rising incidence [3]. Approximately 542,000 children (aged 0–14 years) have T1D and 86,000 new cases are diagnosed globally each year [4]. Although, the disease is often referred to as ‘juvenile diabetes’ with symptoms such as polydypsia, polyphagia, polyuria and weight loss, alongside overt hyperglycemia [5], it has been recently shown that individuals with T1D are mostly adults and almost half of the cases of T1D were diagnosed after age 30 years [6–8]. Furthermore, it has been reported that about 5–15% of adults diagnosed with T2D may actually have T1D [9]. Hence, poor understanding of this disease has led to underestimation in adults. Pathogenetically, T1D results from an interplay between genetic and environmental factors that induce autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells [10]. Factors such as diet, enteroviruses and toxins have been proposed to influence the development of T-cell-dependent autoimmunity in genetically susceptible individuals [11].