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Basic Concepts
Published in P. Arpaia, U. Cesaro, N. Moccaldi, I. Sannino, Non-Invasive Monitoring of Transdermal Drug Delivery, 2022
P. Arpaia, U. Cesaro, N. Moccaldi, I. Sannino
Remembering that, diabetes is diagnosed if there are its typical symptoms (polyuria, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss) and a random glucose level > 200 mg/dl. A fasting glucose of > 126 mg/dl or a glucose of > 200 mg/dl 2 hours after a 75-g glucose load, are also diagnostic [92]. However, determining the optimal insulin dosing is not easy. It depends on several factors such as: age, weight, pubertal stage, duration and stage of diabetes, injection site, food intake and meal distribution, physical activity, nominal insulin sensitivity, blood glucose results (and glycosylated hemoglobin), and undercurrent illnesses.
Bayesian Network Inference on Diabetes Risk Prediction Data
Published in K Hemachandran, Shubham Tayal, Preetha Mary George, Parveen Singla, Utku Kose, Bayesian Reasoning and Gaussian Processes for Machine Learning Applications, 2022
Figure 10.2 does not present class variable as a cause-effect variable. However, it displays relations between ten variables. Visual blurring has direct effect on polyphagia and gender. Weakness and delayed healing also has impact on itching. If itching is given as evidence, weakness and delayed healing also have dependency. This structure is valid for relation between alopecia, polydipsia, and polyuria. Polyuria also causes sudden weight loss according to Figure 10.2.
Regulation of Blood Glucose
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation and Control of Physiological Systems, 2020
Type II diabetes mellitus (adult-onset diabetes) is characterized by normal insulin levels, but poor response of insulin-sensitive cells to that insulin. Thus plasma glucose is elevated, and the symptoms of polydipsia, polyuria, and glucosuria are present as well. There is evidently loss of insulin receptors, or the receptors lose their affinity for insulin, or the molecular mechanisms whereby bound insulin increases glucose permeability fail in type II diabetes.
The modern pharmacological approach to diabetes: innovative methods of monitoring and insulin treatment
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Iulian Tătaru, Oana M. Dragostin, Iuliu Fulga, Florentina Boros, Adelina Carp, Ariadna Maftei, Carmen L. Zamfir, Aurel Nechita
The authors of ref [39]., have demonstrated the hypoglycemic effect of such particles by in vivo tests, by using streptozocin 60 mg/kg to induce diabetes in laboratory mice. Long-term treatment with different doses of INS/CMCD-g-CMCs was effective in alleviating the symptoms of polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria and weight loss in diabetic mice. In addition, INS/CMCD-g-CMC microparticles showed an effective, nontoxic, side effect-free hypoglycemic effect compared to modern synthetic hypoglycemic drugs and subcutaneous insulin. Therefore, long-term administration of oral INS/CMCD-g-CMC microparticles could be effective in treating diabetes and may have a positive therapeutic effect on patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications, which contributes to the therapeutic goal of diabetes in the future [40].
A review on the potential sources and health implications of fluoride in groundwater of Sub-Saharan Africa
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Tobiloba Onipe, Joshua N. Edokpayi, John O. Odiyo
Fluoride is a necessary element for humans. If present in desired concentration (0.5-1.5 mg/L), it prevents tooth decay and helps in the healthy development of bones and teeth. Fluoride concentration of <0.5 mg/L often leads to dental caries while its presence in concentrations higher than the WHO permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L can cause mild to severe dental fluorosis.[31,152] Skeletal and crippling fluorosis have also been reported with higher fluoride levels (>6 mg/L).[138] Other non-fluorosis and neurological disorders have also been linked with the consumption of fluoride contaminated water. Some of such diseases include hypocalcemia, retarded growth, hypothyroidism, polyuria, polydipsia, hearing difficulty, dyspepsia, intelligence quotient (IQ) loss, loss of mobility, osteoporosis, arthritis, thyroid disorder, infertility, Alzheimer’s disease and cancer.[11–14,24,153,154] Some of the reported non-fluorosis diseases were reported at the laboratory levels on studies with mice although a few have been reported in humans.