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Comparative Correlation Through Case Studies
Published in Debleena Bhattacharya, V K Singh, Climate Changes and Epidemiological Hotspots, 2022
Debleena Bhattacharya, V K Singh
Since the collapse of Venezuelan economy in 2014, the entire healthcare system has been in surge (Grillet et al., 2018, 2019). The death rate reported in Venezuela in 2015–2018 was nearly a total of 1,255,299 cases and the year 2017 exhibited the most substantial increase in malaria cases worldwide (Battle et al., 2019). Conn et al. (2018) in their study found that in the endemic countries of South America some of the species of malarial infection are prevalent, i.e. Plasmodium vivax which accounts for 76%, Plasmodium falciparum (17.7%), mixed P. vivax/P. falciparum infections (6%) and Plasmodium malariae (< 1%) (WHO, 2019). Gabaldon (1983)has mentioned the eradication in the early 1960s. Magris et al. (2007) reported that some of the strains like P. falciparum and P. vivax are prevalent in the lowland of Amazon rainforests and Savannas of the remote Guayana region. P. vivax malaria re-emerged along the coastal wetlands and the transmission was interrupted 20 years later (Grillet et al., 2014). According to Moreno et al. (2014) and Barrera et al. (1999), some regions of southeastern Venezuela like Bolivar state have contributed >60% (1992–1995) to 88% (2000–2014) of total cases of Malaria. The clearing of forest due to gold mining has accounted for around 47–80% of malarial cases (Moreno et al., 2014; Recht et al., 2017). The workers of gold mines augmented for 47–80% of malaria cases (Recht et al., 2017; Conn et al., 2018; Moreno et al., 2014). The local transmission of malaria, which was endemic, has re-emerged since 2014 (Grillet et al., 2019).
Genome Editing and Gene Therapies: Complex and Expensive Drugs
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2020
Plasmodium vivax is the predominant malaria-causing parasite outside Africa. Mohring et al. (2019) described iterative CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in a culture-adapted P knowlesi strain to replace the P knowlesi PkDBPa gene with its PyDBP orthologue, and delete the P knowlesi DBP paralogues. DBP stands for Duffy binding proteins used by P vivax and P knowlesi to invade human erythrocytes that express Duffy blood group surface determinants located on the surface of red blood cells; DBP is a glycosylated membrane protein. The generated transgenic line expressing P vivax DBPprotein is a useful tool to support P vivax vaccine development as well as applied malaria research.
The changing risk patterns of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Greece due to climate change
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Malaria is endemic in over 100 countries of the world (World Malaria Report 2019). The most affected areas are sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia and 70% of the annual cases are concentrated in only 11 countries of these two regions. It means that almost half the earth population – more than 3 billion people – live in malaria-endemic areas. About 228 million malaria cases were reported worldwide in 2018 and it is estimated that almost 405. 000 people died from malaria in this year. In 2018, children aged under 5 years accounted for 67% (272 000) of all malaria deaths (World Malaria Report 2019). The Plasmodium vivax Grassi & Feletti, 1890 caused vivax or P. vivax malaria is one of the five important human malaria parasites (the others are Plasmodium falciparum Welch, 1897, Plasmodium ovale Stephens, 1922, Plasmodium malariae Feletti & Grassi, 1889 and Plasmodium knowlesi Sinton and Mulligan, 1932). It is endemic mainly in Asia, Latin America, and in some parts of Africa, but it also can be found in Southeast Europe (World Health Organization 2015). It threatens 40% of the population of the Earth and causes annually about 132–391 million clinically observed infections (Price et al. 2007). Although the P. falciparum caused malaria is the main cause of global mortality due to malaria, P. vivax accounts for the major proportion of malaria cases in Asia and South America (Vogel 2013). It is plausible that P. vivax originally was endemic in Africa (Culleton and Carter 2012) and may be transmitted from macaques (Escalant et al. 2005). This malaria form was endemic in the major part of the Old Continent for centuries (Hutchinson and Lindsay 2006), including such temperate climate areas like the British Isles in the Middle Ages (Pinello, 2008). Malaria also has a long, at least 2500 years of history in the Peloponnese Peninsula (Kousoulis et al. 2013). In Laconia, the first report of malaria is dated back to the 4–5th century BC, the era of Pericles (Carter 2003; Kousoulis et al. 2013). It is speculated that malaria originated in India and appeared in ancient Greece in the classic period (Carter 2003), where it caused the decline of several ancient Hellenic city-state populations (Carter 2003).