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Endocrine system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
MRI referral for the pituitary gland is most commonly for the assessment of tumours due to abnormal hormone levels. Pituitary adenomas are benign slow growing tumours of the anterior lobe and are defined as microadenomas (<10 mm) and macroadenomas (>10 mm). On T1-weighted imaging microadenomas (Figs 10.5c, d) are frequently isointense with the normal pituitary gland but may demonstrate reduced signal intensity. In the early stage of contrast enhancement they are lower signal than the pituitary gland and display later peak enhancement and contrast washout, appearing isointense or hyperintense on later post-contrast images. Other indications of the presence of microadenoma include focal depression or erosion of the sellar floor, displacement of the stalk, asymmetrical, focal convexity of the anterior lobe and invasion of the cavernous sinus [3].
Endocrine system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Endocrine syndromes associated with pathology of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus include:Pituitary dwarfismHypoplasia of adenohypophysisEctopic neurohypophysisAbsent pituitary stalkCentral diabetes insipidusDysfunction of neurohypophysis or hypothalamus due to tumour, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, infection or traumaPrecocious pubertyHamartoma or other neoplasm of hypothalamusHypersecretion syndromesPituitary adenomas (see Table 12.1).
Targeting pituitary adenomas with folate-conjugated multiple drug decorated liposomal formulations for improved antiproliferative anticancer efficacy
Published in Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2022
Changwei Hu, Xirui Wang, Yabin Li, Xiaoyong Han, Baowen Ren, Gangfeng Yin
Pituitary adenomas are typically recognized to be non-threatening and comparatively less aggressive. Nonetheless, one-third of the pituitary adenomas are invasive and display greater aggressiveness with increased probabilities of recurrences [1–3]. These are termed as functional adenomas. But it is the clinically non-functional adenomas that are invasive and non-aggressive which are fatal, frequently recurrent and are resistant to established therapeutic approaches [4,5]. It is usually difficult for health care workers to point out an optimal therapeutic approach for these pituitary adenomas. The goals for therapeutic approaches are generally reduction in the tumor mass, suppression of the hormonal oversecretion, decompression of visual conduit and clearing the complications by decreasing the symptoms. Since these are not generally associated with hormone oversecretion, these are relatively diagnosed late. Additionally, the invasiveness and ability to infiltrate other nearby tissues make these adenomas incurable and uncontrolled via either surgery [6] or radiation therapy. Moreover, complete removal of these is difficult to accomplish and recurrences are often. The conventional treatment options like surgery, radiation and chemotherapy are also associated with low specificity or non-targeted therapy, side effects which include increased cytotoxicity to normal adjacent tissues [7,8].
Evaluation of nasal function after endoscopic endonasal surgery for pituitary adenoma: a computational fluid dynamics study
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Miao Lou, Luyao Zhang, Simin Wang, Ruiping Ma, Minjie Gong, Zhenzhen Hu, Jingbin Zhang, Yidan Shang, Zhenbo Tong, Guoxi Zheng, Ya Zhang
Pituitary adenoma (PA) is a common benign intracranial tumor with a prevalence of approximately 1/1000, accounting for approximately 15% of all intracranial tumors (Gittleman et al. 2014). PAs usually grow slowly, the initial symptoms generally manifesting as endocrine dysfunction (e.g., hyperprolactinemia, acromegaly) or mass effects (e.g., cranial nerve compression) (Melmed 2020). Over the past two decades, the surgical technique to treatment of PA has evolved from the traditional use of microscopy to an endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) (Singh et al. 2016), currently the preferred treatment for the majority of PAs (Molitch 2017; van Furth et al. 2020). During an EEA to the treatment of PA, a variety of nasal structures need to be excised to form surgical channels that provide sufficient space in the operative field, to accommodate instruments and obtain a mucosal flap for the reconstruction of the skull base (Kassam et al. 2005; Hadad et al. 2006). Therefore, nasal structures are inevitably damaged, resulting in a change in nasal ventilation, drainage, warming, and humidification. Clinically, common complications of the procedure include perforation of the septum, anosmia, sinusitis, nasal congestion, empty nose syndrome (ENS), and chronic scab (Wang et al. 2011; Bedrosian et al. 2013; Thompson et al. 2014). Due to the lack of mature research methods, nasal functional changes after pituitary tumors have not been adequately studied.