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Energy Transfer between Lanthanide to Lanthanide in Phosphors for Bioapplications
Published in Ru-Shi Liu, Xiao-Jun Wang, Phosphor Handbook, 2022
Shuai Zha, Celina Matuszewska, Ka-Leung Wong
Nowadays, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) are the most common cancer treatments associated with lanthanide-doped nanomaterials. Additionally, they can work separately and collectively, and combining two or three of them is a trend for cancer therapy. Chemotherapy means that antitumor drugs are directed to tumor sites, normally encompassed by nanoparticles, and are released when they are close to the tumor. Radiotherapy uses a kind of agent that is responsive to ionizing radiation and then kills the tumor. PDT and PTT have similar principles, both use a type of agent which generates toxic ROS, such as singlet oxygen (1O2) and heat respectively under light excitation to kill tumors. These categories of chemical agents are called photosensitizers (PS).
Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Therapy
Published in Yasser Shahzad, Syed A.A. Rizvi, Abid Mehmood Yousaf, Talib Hussain, Drug Delivery Using Nanomaterials, 2022
Renu Sankar, V.K. Ameena Shirin, Chinnu Sabu, K. Pramod
Carbon nanotubes are needle-like structures that can deliver the drug, genes, or other biomolecules. Through covalent or noncovalent bonding, the CNTs can be easily functionalized with a variety of molecules. The functionalization improves the aqueous solubility, ability to carry a variety of molecules, and drug targeting properties. The small and needle-like structure of these molecules enables the easy penetration and targeted delivery of the drug. The excellent physicochemical properties of CNTs expanded the applications of CNTs in various fields including pharmaceutical sciences. Several pieces of research were conducted to explore the potential of CNT in cancer therapy. The CNTs have greater potential to enhance the outcomes of cancer therapy. The unique physicochemical properties of CNTs like high drug loading capacity, ability to penetrate the cell membrane, high aspect ratio, and biocompatibility extended their application pharmaceutical field. They can be used as a mediator for photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy for cancer therapy. Also, CNTs show better cellular uptake properties which lead to the development of a cancer vaccine delivering system using them. But the merits of the CNT cancer vaccine delivering system over the existing vaccine delivering system need to be investigated. Further in-depth studies on the physicochemical properties of the CNTs are required to explore the novel applications and clinical practices.
Multifunctional Hybrid Nanogels for Medicine
Published in Vladimir Torchilin, Handbook of Materials for Nanomedicine, 2020
Au nanocomposites have also been intensively investigated because of their fascinating surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties. Photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are currently the most promising techniques for treating cancer [42]. PDT is based on photothermal transductors that can use NIR light to produce ROS which induce tissue destruction. PTT makes use of specific photothermal transductors that can effectively transform NIR light into local heat and the hyperthermia could be used to kill cells. In the last decade, the use of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) as PTs in AuNPs -nanogel composites enabled their advantageous application in PDT and PTT. Nakamura et al synthesized PEGylated poly-[2-(N,N-diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PEAMA) hydrogels, and Au-nanogel composites were formed by encapsulating AuNPs into hydrogels [43]. AuNP–nanogel nanocomposites showed high biocompatibility and remarkable photothermal efficacy. PTT in response to 514.4 nm light was achieved in HeLa cells, killing only the cells in the laser area with low IC50 values depending on the gold concentration of the nanogel.
Study on Apoptosis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using Photothermal Therapy with Partial Injection of Gold Nanoparticles
Published in Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, 2023
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a type of skin cancer that generally affects only the mucosal surface and skin. The incidence of this skin cancer is increasing each year owing to the identification of new skin cancers with the development of science and technology, increase in ultraviolet (UV) exposure owing to the increase in outdoor activities, and increase in the human lifespan [1, 2]. SCC is typically treated through an incision [3]. However, this treatment method has the disadvantage of bleeding and risk of secondary infection [4, 5]. Accordingly, a new treatment technique called photothermal therapy has emerged recently [6–8]. Photothermal therapy is a treatment technique that uses the photothermal effect (a phenomenon wherein light energy is converted into thermal energy) and kills tumor tissue by increasing the temperature of the medium [9, 10]. This treatment has the advantages of faster recovery and lower risk of secondary infection, compared with other treatment techniques. In addition, the technique applies lasers, whose intensity and heating range can be controlled conveniently [11–14].
Gold nanoparticles: synthesis, application in colon cancer therapy and new approaches - review
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2021
Karen Magaly Soto, Sandra Mendoza, Jose M. López-Romero, Jose Ramón Gasca-Tirado, Alejandro Manzano-Ramírez
Photothermal therapy is a method for cancer treatment in where the absorbed light turns into heat. This increment in temperature results in photoablation followed by cell death; different techniques can be used to generate heat, such as laser, microwave, ultrasound, and radiofrequency waves; the principal's limitations of this method is the damage in normal cells surrounding the tumor and the low absorption of radiation in tumors (70,71). The use of gold nanoparticles as photothermal agents is an emerging topic, and they are used because they have a unique characteristic of absorbing and scatter light in the visible region of the spectrum, which allows them to amplify the optical properties of the excitation light and thus increase the effectiveness of light-based photothermal tumor ablation (72,73). The mechanism of AuNPs enhance this therapy includes the collision of laser radiation and excitation of the particles; as a result of excitation, fast local heat is generated and transferred to the cell in picoseconds, the effectiveness of AuNPs depends on different factor like shape and size (74,75). Gold nanoparticles loaded with curcumin were developed to increase photothermal therapy's efficacy (808 nm diode) on breast cancer cell lines (4T1); combining AuNPs and 808-nm laser has a better destruction effect on 4T1 breast cancer compared to laser irradiation of 650 nm. The use of infrared lights in the range of 700–1000 nm in phototherapy is preferable to other lights because of the minimal absorption of proteins and DNA and deep penetration of lights in tissues (65). Figure 5 represent the possible mechanism of AuNPs in the different treatments.