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Bio-based Material Protein and Its Novel Applications
Published in Shakeel Ahmed, Saiqa Ikram, Suvardhan Kanchi, Krishna Bisetty, Biocomposites, 2018
Tanvir Arfin, Pooja R. Mogarkar
There are mainly the proteins that have nucleic acids in the form of prosthetic groups containing the nucleus of the cell, chromosomes, ribose, protamines, and histones. They are accompanied by the DNA and are known as nucleoproteins and nucleohistones. Nucleoproteins are complexes of proteins and nucleic acids. Nucleic acids readily combine with proteins to form the complexes. Phosphoproteins are proteins conjugated with inorganic phosphate. The most widely known phosphoproteins are the milk protein casein and the enzyme pepsin.
Importance of bacterial biodegradation and detoxification processes of microcystins for environmental health
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2018
Isaac Yaw Massey, Xian Zhang, Fei Yang
The toxicity of MC is associated with inhibition of serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and protein phosphatases 2A (PP2A) (MacKintosh et al. 1990; McLellan and Manderville 2017). Consequently, hyperphosphorylation of cellular proteins occurs followed by cytoskeletal damage, necrosis, inflammation, apoptosis, DNA damage, hepatic hemorrhage, and eventually death (Martins and Vasconcelos 2009; McLellan and Manderville 2017; Rastogi, Sinha, and Incharoensakdi 2014). Recently Yang et al. (2018c) found that expression of microRNA-451a (miR-451a) was reduced by an MC variant, microcystin-containing leucine and arginine (MC-LR) and was associated with microfilament reorganization in HL7702 liver cells after 24 hr treatment. Further Yang et al. (2018d) noted a link between MC-LR-induced inhibition of PP2A activity and elevated phosphorylation levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK1/2) and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) accompanied by microfilament rearrangement. The evidence thus suggests that miR-451a may play a crucial role in cellular processes altered by MC-LR in HL7702 liver cells. MC also induces oxidative stress to trigger cellular apoptosis, cytoskeletal, and DNA damage (Martins and Vasconcelos 2009; Zhou, Tu, and Xu 2015).
Learning, memory deficits, and impaired neuronal maturation attributed to acrylamide
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Seulah Lee, Hee Ra Park, Joo Yeon Lee, Jung-Hyun Cho, Hye Min Song, Ah Hyun Kim, Wonjong Lee, Yujeong Lee, Seung-Cheol Chang, Hyung Sik Kim, Jaewon Lee
GAP-43 is localized at presynaptic terminals and expressed in neurons during axonal development and during regeneration of neural connections. Synaptophysin, a synaptic vesicle protein is an integral membrane phosphoprotein that plays a key role during calcium-dependent synaptic transmission (Fernandes et al. 2017). Furthermore, the expression levels of GAP-43 and synaptophysin are critical for establishing neural circuitry and for regulating neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity (Chambers et al. 2005; Jahn et al. 1985; Snipes et al. 1987; Webster et al. 2001). β-III-Tubulin is the main structural protein present in microtubules and found in cells of the nervous system (Korzhevskii, Karpenko, and Kirik 2011). Therefore, it is postulated that 500 μM ACR impaired neuronal networking and synaptic plasticity of primary cortical neuron without producing neuronal lethality.
Battling COVID-19 using machine learning: A review
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2021
Krishnaraj Chadaga, Srikanth Prabhu, Bhat K Vivekananda, S. Niranjana, Shashikiran Umakanth
The team used AI and cloud technologies to speed up the production of COVID-19 vaccines in (Flinders University, 2020; Herst et al., 2020; Institute for Protein Design, 2020). Computer- based models of S protein along with its human receptor, the enzyme converting angiotensin 2 (ACE2) was used to understand how the COVID-19 virus was harming healthy human cells. Herst et al. (Ong et al., 2020), used MSA (Multiple Sequence Alignment) algorithm for the detected GenBank’s SARS-CoV-2 protein sequence to model the nucleocapsid phosphoprotein sequence in the future peptide sequencing. A peptide-based vaccine was used to treat another epidemic which had happened in West Africa (Ebola, 2013–2016). Ong et al. (Deoras) used reverse vaccinology (RV) and ML to test various COVID-19 vaccines. RV was used to analyse bioinformatics pathogen genomes. Biological signals were forecasted using models called Vaxign and Vaxign-ML. Algorithms like vector support, RF, proximity neighbour, and overgrowth (XGB) strategies were used by the above models. Researchers from MIT (Rahman et al., 2020) have developed an AI-based method that chooses peptides that give large vaccine numbers. The design software is named “OptiVax”. It designs new peptide vaccines by learning from the existing vaccines to improve composition. Immunoinformatic methods were used to beat the virus. Rahman et al. (Sarkar et al., 2020), produced an antipeptid vaccine for COVID-19 which consisted of envelop, membrane and spike protein. A predictive system called Ellipro antibody epitope was used to predict B-specific epitopes in spike protein. To visualize and forecast a protein sequence, Ellipro used several models of ML. The epitope-based vaccine model of COVID-19 was also explored by Sarkar et al. (Prachar et al., 2020). SVM technique was applied to predict the toxicity of choses epitopes. 174 epitopes of COVID-19 were forecasted by Prachar et al. (Xue et al., 2018). IEDB (Immune Epitope Database) was used to collect data and PSSM (Position-Specific Scanning Matrix) and ANN was used for prediction.