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Endocrine system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Phaeochromocytoma is a tumour arising from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Ninety per cent occur in the adrenal gland and 10 per cent in ectopic extra-adrenal locations. Phaeochromocytoma usually presents with symptomatology related to excess catecholamine production:Paroxysmal or sustained hypertensionHeadaches, sweating, flushingNausea and vomitingAbdominal pain.
Endocrine system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Phaeochromocytoma is a tumour of the adrenal medulla that may cause over-production of adrenaline-like hormones, often sporadically. This may result in hypertension, headache and tachycardia that may be episodic, sweating, tremor and dyspnoea. Attacks may be triggered by exertion, stress, some foods (e.g. cheese, alcohol and chocolate) and some drugs.
Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of carbon tetrachloride
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2023
Samuel M. Cohen, Christopher Bevan, Bhaskar Gollapudi, James E. Klaunig
Benign pheochromocytomas were reported in mice exposed to CCl4 in the two-year inhalation study (Nagano et al. 2007a). These tumors were also found to be increased in mice when dosed by oral gavage in the NCI study in which CCl4 was used as a positive control for liver tumors ((1976a) (Weisburger 1977). Benign pheochromocytomas are tumors that originate in chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland medulla and secrete excessive amounts of catecholamines, usually epinephrine or norepinephrine (DeLellis et al. 2004). In the Nagano et al. (2007a) experiment, an elevated incidence of pheochromocytomas of the adrenal gland occurred at the two highest exposure levels (25 and 125 ppm) in male mice and at the highest exposure level (125 ppm) in female mice (Table 2); no pheochromocytomas occurred in mice at the lower doses or controls (Table 2). These tumors were seen only in the exposed mice but not rats (Table 1).
Reducing failures in daily medical practice: Healthcare failure mode and effect analysis combined with computer simulation
Published in Ergonomics, 2021
A.G Leeftink, J. Visser, J.M de Laat, N.T.M. van der Meij, J.B.H Vos, G.D Valk
The study was conducted in University Medical Center Utrecht, which is a reference centre within the European Reference Network ‘rare endocrine conditions’. The proposed methodology, HFMEA-CS, was verified with the medication processes related to the admission to discharge process of pheochromocytoma patients. A pheochromocytoma is rare tumour of the adrenal gland. Drug adherence for patients with pheochromocytoma that are operated is of utmost importance. When operated, patients with pheochromocytomas are at high risk of hemodynamic instability. Therefore, patients are prepared with a carefully titrated dose of alfa blockers. Furthermore, if pheochromocytomas occur in both adrenals, patients are in per- and post-operative need for hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone. Therefore, multi-disciplinary care paths are in use for standardising the care, which must be adjusted per patient according to the individual patient’s (drug) needs. Due to the care pathway complexity, transfers from and to several wards are involved, divided over five phases: pre-operative screening, hospitalisation at internal medicine ward, operating theatre/recovery, post-operative care at surgical oncological ward, and discharge, as shown in Figure 1. Each of these phases involves specialised healthcare professionals, which requires careful attention to information transfers over the various disciplines, specifically related to medication requirements, to ensure patient safety.